1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl carbamate derivatives and 1,1,1-trifluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl carbamate derivatives as MAGL inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides, in part, compounds of Formula I: 
                         
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; processes for the preparation of; intermediates used in the preparation of; and compositions containing such compounds or salts, and their uses for treating MAGL-mediated diseases and disorders including, e.g., pain, an inflammatory disorder, traumatic brain injury, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, a metabolic disorder, stroke, or cancer.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/808,242 filed Nov. 9, 2017, which in turn is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/221,658 filed Jul. 28, 2016, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,845,301, which in turn claims the benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/199,330 filed Jul. 31, 2015,and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/335,290 filed May12, 2016, the disclosure of each of the foregoing applications is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl carbamate derivatives and1,1,1-trifluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl carbamate derivatives, which aremonoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors, pharmaceutically compositionsthereof, and uses thereof in the treatment of MAGL-mediated disorderssuch as pain, an inflammatory disorder, traumatic brain injury,depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, a metabolic disorder, stroke,or cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

MAGL is the principal enzyme responsible for the in vivo degradation of2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), an endogenous ligand of the cannabinoidreceptors (e.g., CB1 and CB2). See e.g., Patel, J. Z. et al.,“Loratadine analogues as MAGL inhibitors,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.,2015, 25(7):1436-42; Mechoulam, R. et al., “Identification of anendogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds tocannabinoid receptors” Biochem. Pharmacol., 50 (1995), 83-90; Sugiura,T. et al., “2-Arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoidreceptor ligand in brain,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 215 (1995),89-97.

There continues to be a need for alternative MAGL inhibitors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, in part, a novel compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

each of R¹ and R² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy,and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl,C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

or R¹ and R², together with the N atom to which they are attached, form4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl that is optionally substituted withR⁸ and optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁹or R³⁰;

each of R³ and R⁴ is independently H, halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl of R³ and R⁴ is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy,and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and wherein the C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl of R³ and R⁴ isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents each independentlyselected from the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

or R³ and R⁴, together with the C atom to which they are attached, formC₃₋₇ cycloalkyl that is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents each independently selected from the group consisting ofOH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄haloalkoxy;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl,wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl of R⁵ and R⁶ is optionally substituted with oneor more substituents each independently selected from the groupconsisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, and C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, and wherein the C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl of R⁵ and R⁶ is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl,C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

or R⁵ and R⁶, together with the C atom to which they are attached, formC₃₋₇ cycloalkyl that is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents each independently selected from the group consisting ofOH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄haloalkoxy;

R⁷ is H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, or R¹⁰, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl ofR⁷ is optionally substituted with one or more substituents eachindependently selected from the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and wherein the C₃₋₇cycloalkyl of R⁷ is optionally substituted with one or more substituentseach independently selected from the group consisting of OH, halogen,C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

or R⁷ and R⁶, together with the intervening moiety of “C(R⁵)—O” to whichthey are attached, form 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or 5- to10-membered heteroaryl that is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents each independently selected from the group consisting ofOH, oxo, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄haloalkoxy, and wherein each of the ring-forming atoms of the 4- to7-membered heterocycloalkyl is independently C, N, O, S, or P andwherein each of the ring-forming atoms of the 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl is C, N, O, or S;

or R⁷ and R³, together with the intervening moiety of “C(R⁴)—C(R⁵R⁶)—O”to which they are attached, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or5- to 10-membered heteroaryl that is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents each independently selected from the group consistingof OH, oxo, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄haloalkoxy, and wherein each of the ring-forming atoms of the 5- to7-membered heterocycloalkyl is independently C, N, O, S, or P, andwherein each of the ring-forming atoms of the 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl is C, N, O, or S;

R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², -L³-R¹³, -L⁴-R¹⁴, —C(R¹⁵)(Cy¹)(Cy²),—C(R¹⁵)(Cy)[—NR²³—S(═O)₂-Cy²], or -L⁵-N(-L⁶-Cy³)(-L⁷-Cy⁴);

each R⁹ is independently OH, oxo, halogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or optionally substitutedC₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;

R¹⁰ is —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) or —S(═O)₂OR⁹⁰;

each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)_(m)—,—NR²³—, —O—, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)_(n)—,—C(═O)—(CR²¹R²²)_(n)—, —S(═O)₂—NR²³—, —C(═O)—NR²³—,—(CR²¹R²²)_(f1)—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)_(f2)—, —(CR²¹R²²)_(f1)—O—(CR²¹R²²)_(f2)—,—C(═O)—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)_(p)—, or —S(═O)₂—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)_(p)—;

L⁵ is absent or —(CR²¹R²²)—;

L⁶ is absent or —(CR²¹R²²)—;

L⁷ is absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—;

R¹¹ is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹² is 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted withone or more independently selected R³²;

R¹³ is C₆₋₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

R¹⁴ is C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R³⁴;

R¹⁵ is H, OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or cyclopropyl;

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, OH, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl, orcyclopropyl, wherein the C₁₋₃ alkyl is optionally substituted with oneor more substituents each independently selected from the groupconsisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy, andcyclopropyl;

R²³ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or cyclopropyl;

each of R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, —N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(RO)(C(═O)R^(d)),—N(RO)(S(═O)₂R^(d)), —C(═O)—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(═O)—R^(d),—C(═O)—OR^(d), —OC(═O)—R^(d), —N(R^(c))(S(═O)₂R^(d)),—S(═O)₂—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —SR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d), —OR^(d), —OR³⁵, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶; andwherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- is further optionally substitutedone or more oxo;

each R³⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl,5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl,5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- is optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen, —CN, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, oxo, —OH, —OC(═O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —OC(═O)O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂,—NHC(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, —NHC(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄alkoxy;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, —NO₂, —CN, —SF₅, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, —N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R^(c))(C(═O)R^(d)),—C(═O)—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(═O)—R^(d), —C(═O)—OR^(d), —OC(═O)—R^(d),—N(R^(c))(S(═O)₂R^(d)), —S(═O)₂—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —SR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d),and —OR^(d), wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, andheterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituentseach independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN,—OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R)(C(═O)R^(d)), —C(═O)—OR^(d), —C(═O)H,—C(═O)R^(d), —C(═O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(RO)(S(═O)₂R^(d)),—S(═O)₂—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —SR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d), and —OR^(d);

each of R⁸¹, R⁸², and R⁹⁰ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and (C₃₋₇cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents each independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —CN, —OH, oxo, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;

or OR⁸¹ and OR⁸², together with the P(═O) to which they are attached,form 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl that is further optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —OH, oxo, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;

each of Cy¹, Cy², Cy³, and Cy⁴ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴;

each R^(a) is independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, or (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-;

each R^(b) is independently H or selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the selections from the groupis optionally substituted with one or more substituents eachindependently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —CN, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl, —S—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)H,—C(═O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)—O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

or R^(a) and R^(b), together with the N atom to which they are attached,form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or a 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituentseach independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH,oxo, —C(═O)H, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, —CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₂alkyl-, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄haloalkoxy;

each R^(c) is independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-;

each R^(d) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-,and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of theselections from the group is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents each independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, oxo, —S—C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl,C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄haloalkoxy;

each of f1 and f2 is independently 0, 1, or 2, provided that the sum off1 and f2 is 1, 2, or 3;

m is 1, 2, or 3;

n is 1, 2, or 3;

p is 1, or 2; and

r is 0 or 1, provided that when r is 1 and each of R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ isH, then the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is other than optionally substituted4-oxo-3H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-7-yl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula I-1:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula I-a:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I (or I-1 or I-a) orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula I-a1:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula I-b:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I (or I-1 or I-b) orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula I-b1:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Unless otherwise specified, the compound of Formula I or a salt thereofdescribed in the following embodiments can be a compound of Formula I-1,I-a, I-a1, I-b, or I-b1, or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R², together with the N atom to which theyare attached, form 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl that is optionallysubstituted with R⁸ and optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R⁹ or R³⁰.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R², together with the N atom to which theyare attached, form 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl that is optionallysubstituted with R⁸ and optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R⁹.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R², together with the N atom to which theyare attached, form 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl that issubstituted with R⁸ and optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R⁹.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-1, a-2, a-3, a-4,a-5, or a-6:

ring A¹ is 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl;

t1 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

t2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

t3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

s1 is 1 or 2; and

s2 is 1 or 2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of Formula a-6 is a moiety of Formula a-6-1 or a-6-2:

X¹ is O, NR⁴¹, or C(R⁴²)₂;

each of R⁴¹ and R⁴² is independently H or R⁹;

s3 is 0, 1, or 2, provided that when s3 is 0, then X¹ is C(R⁴²)₂; and

s4 is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-11, a-12, a-13,a-14, a-15, a-16-1, or a-16-2:

X¹ is O, NR⁴¹, or C(R⁴²)₂;

each of R⁴¹ and R⁴² is independently H or R⁹;

t1 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

t2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

t3, is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

s1 is 1 or 2;

s2 is 1 or 2;

s3 is 0, 1, or 2, provided that when s3 is 0, then X¹ is C(R⁴²)₂; and

s4 is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of Formula a-11 is a moiety of Formula a-11-1

R^(9a) is H, OH, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, orcyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl; and

t1a is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of Formula a-12 is a moiety of Formula a-12-1:

R^(9a) is H, OH or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy; and

t1a is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-26:

ring A² is 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl;

t2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and

t3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring A² is 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl andwherein at least one of the ring-forming atoms of ring A² is O.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formula a-36:

ring A³ is 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein the O atom shownin the ring is linked directly to the carbon bridge-head);

t2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and

t3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formula a-46-1, a-46-2,a-46-3, or a-46-4, a-46-5, a-46-6, or a-46-7:

t2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

t3 is 0, 1, or 2;

t4 is 0, 1, or 2; and

each R^(9b) is independently F, Cl, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formula a-46-1 ora-46-2.

In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formulaa-46-1.

In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2.

In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formulaa-46-4.

In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formulaa-46-6.

In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula a-26 is a moiety of Formulaa-46-7.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-6:

ring A¹ is 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl;

t11 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

t3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

s1 is 1 or 2; and

s2 is 1 or 2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of Formula b-6 is a moiety of Formula b-6-1 or b-6-2:

X¹ is O, NR⁵¹, or C(R⁵²)₂;

each of R⁵¹ and R⁵² is independently H or R³⁰;

s3 is 0, 1, or 2, provided that when s3 is 0, then X¹ is C(R⁵²)₂; and

s4 is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-26:

ring A² is 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl;

ring A³ is 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl;

t11 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and

t3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety ofFormula b-26, ring A² is 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and at leastone of the ring-forming atoms of ring A² is O.

In some embodiments wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety ofFormula b-26:

the moiety of Formula b-26 is a moiety of Formula b-46-1, b-46-2,b-46-3, b-46-4, b-46-5, b-46-6, or b-47:

t11 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

t3 is 0, 1, or 2; and

each R^(9b) is independently F, Cl, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety ofFormula b-26, and the moiety of Formula b-26 is a moiety of Formulab-46-1, b-46-2, or b-46-7.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-1. In some further embodiments, the moiety of Formula b-46-1 is amoiety of Formula b-46-1a:

each R^(30A) is independently halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; and

t12 is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula b-46-1a is a moiety ofFormula b-46-1a-1 or b-46-1a-2:

t12 is 0, 1, or 2; and

each R^(30A) is independently F, Cl, methyl, C₁ fluoroalkyl, methoxy, orC₁ fluoroalkoxy.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-1a-1.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-1a-2.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-2.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-46-2;

the moiety of Formula b-46-2 is a moiety of Formula b-46-2a:

each R^(30A) is independently halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; and

t12 is 0, 1, or 2.

In some further embodiments, the moiety of Formula b-46-2a is a moietyof Formula b-46-2a-1, b-46-2a-2, or b-46-2a-3:

R^(c) is C₁₋₃ alkyl or cyclopropyl;

t12 is 0, 1, or 2; and

each R^(30A) is independently F, Cl, methyl, C₁ fluoroalkyl, methoxy, orC₁ fluoroalkoxy. In some further embodiments, R^(c) is C₁₋₃ alkyl. Insome yet further embodiments, R^(c) is methyl.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-2a-1; R^(c) is C₁₋₃ alkyl; and each R^(30A) is independently F, Cl,methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl. In some further embodiments, R^(c) is methyl.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-2a-2; R^(c) is C₁₋₃ alkyl; and each R^(30A) is independently F, Cl,methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl. In some further embodiments, R^(c) is methyl.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-2a-3.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-3.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-7. In some further embodiments, the moiety of Formula b-46-7 is amoiety of Formula b-46-7a or b-46-7a-1:

each R^(30A) is independently halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; and

t12 is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-7a-1; and each R^(30A) is independently F, Cl, methyl, or C₁fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments [e.g. wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moietyof Formula a-6, a-6-1, a-6-2, a-16-1, a-16-2, a-26, a-36, a-46-1,a-46-2, a-46-3, a-46-4, a-46-5, a-46-6, a-46-7, b-6, b-6-1, b-6-2, b-26,b-36, b-46-1, b-46-2, b-46-3, b-46-4, b-46-5, b-46-6, b-47, b-46-1a-1,b-46-1a-2, b-46-2a-1, b-46-2a-2, b-46-2a-3, or b-46-7a-1], t3 is 0 or 1.In some further embodiments, t3 is 0.

In some embodiments [e.g. wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moietyof Formula a-6, a-6-1, a-6-2, a-16-1, a-16-2, a-26, a-36, a-46-1,a-46-2, a-46-3, a-46-6, or a-46-7], t3 is 0 or 1; and t2 is 0 or 1. Insome further embodiments, t3 is 0.

In some embodiments [e.g. wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moietyof Formula b-6, b-6-1, b-6-2, b-26, b-36, b-46-1, b-46-2, b-46-3,b-46-4, b-46-5, b-46-6, or b-47], t3 is 0 or 1; and t11 is 0, 1, or 2.In some further embodiments, t3 is 0 and t 11 is 1 or 2. In yet furtherembodiments, t 11 is 1.

In some embodiments [e.g. wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moietyof Formula b-46-1a-1, b-46-1a-2, b-46-2a-1, b-46-2a-2, b-46-2a-3,b-46-7a-1, or b-46-7a-2], t3 is 0 or 1; and t12 is 0 or 1. In somefurther embodiments, t3 is 0. In yet further embodiments, t12 is 0.

In some embodiments wherein the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety ofFormula b-46-1a-1, b-46-1a-2, b-46-2a-1, b-46-2a-2, b-46-2a-3,b-46-7a-1, or b-46-7a-2; each R^(d) is independently selected from thegroup consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, a 4- to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 6-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, wherein each of the selections from the group is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, oxo, —S—C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, each of R³ and R⁴ is independently H, halogen, ormethyl.

In some further embodiments, each of R³ and R⁴ is independently H orhalogen (e.g., F).

In yet further embodiments, each of R³ and R⁴ is independently halogen(e.g., F).

In some other embodiments, each of R³ and R⁴ is independently H ormethyl.

In some embodiments, each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl(e.g., methyl or ethyl). In some further embodiments, each of R⁵ and R⁶is independently H or methyl.

In some embodiments, each of R⁵ and R⁶ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is H or R¹⁰; and R¹⁰ is —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²).

In some embodiments, R⁷ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is R¹⁰; and R¹⁰ is —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²).

In some embodiments, each of R⁸¹ and R⁸² is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₄ alkyl-,wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl and (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents each independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —OH, oxo, —NH₂,—NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl.

In some further embodiments, each R⁸¹ and R⁸² is independently H or C₁₋₄alkyl. In some yet further embodiments, each R⁸¹ and R⁸² is H.

In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-1, a-2, a-3, a-11,a-12, a-13, a-16-2, a-46-2, or a-46-7;

R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², -L³-R¹³, or -L⁴-R¹⁴;

each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is independently absent, —O—, —S(═O)₂—,—(CR²¹R²²)— [e.g. —(CH₂)—], —NR²³—, —O—(CR²¹R²²)—,—(CR²¹R²²)—O—(CR²¹R²²)—, —(CR²¹R²²)—S(═O)₂— [e.g., —(CH₂)—S(═O)₂— ],—NR²³—S(═O)₂—, or —(CR²¹R²²)—NR²³—S(═O)₂— [e.g. —(CH₂)—NR²³—S(═O)₂—];

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, OH, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl,cyclopropylmethyl, or C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹² is 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with oneor more independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³; and

R¹⁴ is C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R³⁴.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-12 or a-13; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments,R⁸ is —R¹¹.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-12 (or Formula a-12-1) wherein R⁸ is —R¹¹ or —R¹³. In some furtherembodiments, R⁸ is —R¹¹.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-13.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-13; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments, R⁸ is—R¹¹ or —R¹³. In yet further embodiments, R⁸ is —R¹¹.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2, R⁸ is —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹¹, —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹², —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹³, or—NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹⁴; and R²³ is 01-3 alkyl. In some further embodiments,R²³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; R⁸ is —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹¹, —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹², —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹³, or—NR²³—C(═O)—R¹⁴; and R²³ is C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In some further embodiments, R²³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; and R⁸ is —R¹¹, —R¹², —R¹³, or —R¹⁴. In some furtherembodiments, R⁸ is —R¹¹ or —R¹³. In some embodiments, the moiety of“—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-2; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or-L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments, R⁸ is —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹¹ or—NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹³. In some yet further embodiments, R²³ is H or C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., methyl). In still further embodiments, R²³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl(e.g., methyl).

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; and R⁸ is —O—R¹¹ or —O—R¹³. In some embodiments, the moiety of“—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-2; and R⁸ is -L⁴-R¹⁴. In somefurther embodiments, R⁸ is —R¹⁴. In some embodiments:

the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-14, a-15, a-16-1,a-36, a-46-1, a-46-3, a-46-4, a-46-5, or a-46-6; R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹²,-L³-R¹³, or -L⁴-R¹⁴; (for example R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², or -L³-R¹³);

each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)— [e.g.—(CH₂)—], —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂—NR²³—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)—,—S(═O)₂—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)₂—; each of R²¹ and R²² isindependently H, OH, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl, cyclopropylmethyl, or C₁₋₃haloalkyl (for example, H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl);

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹² is 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with oneor more independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³; and

R¹⁴ is O₃-8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R³⁴.

In some yet further embodiments, R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl).

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-14 or a-15; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-15; R⁸ is -L¹-R¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments, each of L¹and L³ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂—NR²³—,—S(═O)₂—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)₂—; andeach of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl. Insome yet further embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is independently—(CR²¹R²²)— or —S(═O)₂—.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-16-1, a-46-1, a-46-3, a-46-4, or a-46-6; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-1. In some further embodiments, R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², -L³-R¹³, or-L⁴-R¹⁴; and each of each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is —S(═O)₂— or —C(═O)—.In some yet further embodiments, each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is —S(═O)₂—.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-1; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments, eachof L¹ and L³ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—. In someyet further embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is independently,—(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—. In some still further embodiments, each of L¹and L³ is —S(═O)₂—.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-1; R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹; and L¹ is absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—. Insome further embodiments, L¹ is absent or —S(═O)₂—. In some yet furtherembodiments, L¹ is —S(═O)₂—.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-1; R⁸ is -L³-R¹³; and L³ is absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—. Insome further embodiments, L³ is absent or —S(═O)₂—. In some yet furtherembodiments, L³ is —S(═O)₂—.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-1; R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³; and each of L¹ and L³ is —C(═O)— or—S(═O)₂—. In some further embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is —S(═O)₂—. Inyet further embodiments, R⁸ is —S(═O)₂—R¹³; R¹³ is phenyl optionallysubstituted with one or more independently selected R³³. In stillfurther embodiments, each R³³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen (e.g. F or Cl), —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments, eachof L¹ and L³ is independently absent, —O—, —NR²³—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)—[for example, R⁸ is —(CR²¹R²²)—S(═O)₂—R¹¹ or —(CR²¹R²²)—S(═O)₂—R¹³],—O—(CR²¹R²²)— [for example, R⁸ is —O—(CR²¹R²²)— —R¹¹ or —O—(CR²¹R²²)——R¹³], —S(═O)₂—NR²³-[for example, R⁸ is —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹¹ or—NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹³], or —(CR²¹R²²)—O—(CR²¹R²²)—. In some yet furtherembodiments, R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl) and each of R²¹ andR²² is independently H, OH, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl, cyclopropylmethyl, orC₁₋₃ haloalkyl (for example, H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl).

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments, eachof L¹ and L³ is independently —S(═O)₂—NR²³— [For example, R⁸ is—NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹¹ or —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹³]. In some yet further embodiments,R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl). In some still furtherembodiments, R²³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl).

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³; and each of L¹ and L³ is independently—NR²³—. In some further embodiments, R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g.,methyl).

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³; and each of L¹ and L³ is —O—.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; R⁸ is -L⁴-R¹⁴; and L⁴ is —O—, —NR²³—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)— [forexample, R⁸ is —(CR²¹R²²)—S(═O)₂—R¹⁴], or —S(═O)₂—NR²³— [for example, R⁸is —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹⁴]. In some further embodiments, L⁴ is —S(═O)₂—NR²³—[For example, R⁸ is —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹⁴]. In some yet further embodiments,R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl).

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; R⁸ is —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹¹, —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹², —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹³, or—NR²³—C(═O)—R¹⁴; and R²³ is C₁₋₃ alkyl or cyclopropropyl. In somefurther embodiments, R²³ is C₁₋₃ alkyl (e.g. methyl).

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-2; and R⁸ is —R¹¹ or —R¹³.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-4 or a-46-6; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some furtherembodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is independently —(CR²¹R²²)— or —S(═O)₂—.In some yet further embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is —(CR²¹R²²)—.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulaa-46-6; and R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³. In some further embodiments, eachof L¹ and L³ is independently —(CR²¹R²²)— or —S(═O)₂—. In some yetfurther embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is —(CR²¹R²²)—; and each of R²¹and R²² is independently H or C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In some embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a-46-7; R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², -L³-R¹³, or -L⁴-R¹⁴; and each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is—C(═O)— or —S(═O)₂— [e.g. —C(═O)—]. In some further embodiments, R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³; and each of L¹ and L³ is —C(═O)—.

In some embodiments, each R⁹ is independently OH, oxo, halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy,or cyclopropyl. In some further embodiments, each R⁹ is independentlyOH, oxo, or methyl. In some yet further embodiments, each R⁹ isindependently OH or methyl. In some still further embodiments, each R⁹is OH.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-12 (or Formulaa-12-1) wherein R⁸ is —R¹¹ or —R¹³;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-13 wherein R⁸ is—R¹¹ or —R¹³;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments, R⁸ is —R¹¹.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-15 wherein R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³;

each of L¹ and L³ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, —S(═O)₂—,—S(═O)₂—NR²³—, —S(═O)₂—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)—, or—S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)₂— [e.g., each of L¹ and L³ is independently—(CR²¹R²²)— or —S(═O)₂—)];

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-1 wherein R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³;

each of L¹ and L³ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—[e.g., each of L¹ and L³ is —S(═O)₂—];

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-1 wherein R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹;

L¹ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂— [e.g., absent or—S(═O)₂];

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

each of R³¹ is independently selected from the the group consisting ofhalogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments, L¹ is —S(═O)₂—.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-1 wherein R⁸ is-L³-R¹³;

L³ is absent, —(CR²¹R²²)— or —S(═O)₂— [e.g., L³ is —S(═O)₂—];

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each R³³ is independently selected from the the group consisting ofhalogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents eachindependently selected from halogen, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, —CN,C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-1 wherein R⁸ is-L³-R¹³;

L³ is —S(═O)₂—;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each R³³ is independently selected from the the group consisting ofhalogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl. Insome further embodiments, R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with oneor more substituents each independently selected from halogen, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-26 (e.g. a moiety ofFormula b-36);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl (e.g. Hor methyl); and

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)]. In some furtherembodiments, each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl. In some yetfurther embodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-36.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-46-1a (e.g. a moietyof Formula b-46-1a-1 or b-46-1a-2);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl (e.g. Hor methyl); and

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)]. In some furtherembodiments, the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-1a-1. In some yet further embodiments, each of R⁵ and R⁶ isindependently H or methyl. In some embodiments of the compound ofFormula I-a (including Formula I-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R′)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-2 wherein R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³;

each of L¹ and L³ is independently absent, —O—, —NR²³—,—S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)— [for example, R⁸ is —(CR²¹R²²)—S(═O)₂—R¹¹ or—(CR²¹R²²)—S(═O)₂—R¹³], or —S(═O)₂—NR²³— [for example, R⁸ is—NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹¹ or —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹³];

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, OH, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl,cyclopropylmethyl, or C₁₋₃ haloalkyl (for example, H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, orcyclopropyl);

R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₄alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₄ alkyl-, (4- to10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- is optionally substitutedwith one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-2 wherein R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³;

each of L¹ and L³ is —S(═O)₂—NR²³— [for example, R⁸ is —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹¹or —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹³];

R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-2 wherein R⁸ is-L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³;

each of L¹ and L³ is —O— or —NR²³—;

R²³ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³;

each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₀₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₀₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-46-2 (e.g. a moietyof Formula b-46-2a, Formula b-46-2a-1, b-46-2a-2, or b-46-2a-3);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl (e.g. Hor methyl); and

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)]. In some furtherembodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-46-2a;and each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-2;

R⁸ is —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹¹, —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹², —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹³,—NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹⁴, —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹¹, —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹², —NR²³—C(═O)—R¹³, or—NR²³—C(═O)—R¹⁴; R²³ is C₁₋₃ alkyl (e.g. methyl);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl (e.g. Hor methyl); and

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)]. In some furtherembodiments, R²³ is methyl; and each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H ormethyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-2;

R⁸ is —R¹¹, —R¹², —R¹³, or —R¹⁴ (e.g. R⁸ is —R¹¹ or —R¹³);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl (e.g. Hor methyl); and

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)]. In some furtherembodiments, R²³ is —R¹⁴; and each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H ormethyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-7;

R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², -L³-R¹³, or -L⁴-R¹⁴;

each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is —C(═O)— or —S(═O)₂— [e.g. —C(═O)—];

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl (e.g. Hor methyl); and

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)]. In some furtherembodiments, R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³; each of L¹ and L³ is —C(═O)—; andeach of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula b-46-7a (e.g. a moietyof Formula b-46-7a-1 or a moiety of Formula b-46-7a-2);

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H, methyl, or C₁ fluoroalkyl (e.g. Hor methyl); and

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)]. In some furtherembodiments, the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formulab-46-7a-2; and each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-a (including FormulaI-a1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

the moiety of “—N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-46-4 or a-46-6wherein R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or -L³-R¹³;

each of L¹ and L³ is independently —(CR²¹R²²)— or —S(═O)₂—;

each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl;

each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or methyl;

R⁷ is H or —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) [e.g., —P(═O)(OH)(OH)];

R¹¹ is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³¹;

R¹³ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³; each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the thegroup consisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶;

each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,each of R³¹ and R³³ is independently selected from the the groupconsisting of halogen, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —CN, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound selectedfrom Examples 1 to 150 (e.g. Examples 1 to 91) in the EXAMPLES sectionor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (or the parent compoundthereof where the exemplary compound, for example, is a salt) hereinbelow.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound selectedfrom:

-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    6-[1-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    (1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    (1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl    dihydrogen phosphate;-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl    dihydrogen phosphate;-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl    dihydrogen phosphate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    4-[(4-ethynylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-3,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-({[4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl]carbonyl}oxy)propyl    dihydrogen phosphate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-{[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    2-(cyclopentylcarbonyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-{methyl[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-{methyl[(2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;    and-   1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl    3-[(cyclopropylacetyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt selected from:

-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl    phosphate, disodium salt;-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl    phosphate, disodium salt;-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl    phosphate, (bis)-L-lysine salt;-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl    phosphate, disodium salt; and-   3,3,3-trifluoro-2-({[4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl]carbonyl}oxy)propyl    phosphate, disodium salt.

The present invention includes any subset of any embodiment describedherein.

The present invention includes combinations of two or more embodimentsdescribed hereinabove, or any subset thereof.

The present invention further provides the compound of Formula I or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (including all embodiments andcombinations of two or more embodiments described herein or anysubcombination thereof) for use in the treatment of a MAGL-mediateddisease or disorder described herein.

The present invention further provides use of the compound of Formula Ior a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (including all embodimentsand combinations of two or more embodiments described herein or anysubcombination thereof) for treating a MAGL-mediated disease or disorderdisorder described herein.

The present invention further provides a method for treating aMAGL-mediated disease or disorder in a patient (e.g., a mammal such as ahuman) comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof (including all embodiments and combinations oftwo or more embodiments described herein or any subcombination thereof).

The present invention further provides use of the compound of Formula Ior a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (including all embodimentsand combinations of two or more embodiments described herein or anysubcombination thereof) in the manufacture of a medicament for use inthe treatment of a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder described herein.

The compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofof the present invention (or a metabolite thereof) is a MAGL inhibitor.Thus, the present invention further provides a method for inhibitingMAGL (i.e., an activity of MAGL either in vitro or in vivo), comprisingcontacting (including incubating) the MAGL with the compound of FormulaI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (such as one selectedfrom Examples 1-91 herein) described herein.

The amount of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof used in any one of the methods (or uses) of the presentinvention is effective in inhibiting MAGL.

MAGL-mediated diseases or disorders include, for example, a metabolicdisorder (e.g., obesity); a kidney disease (e.g. acute inflammatorykidney injury and diabetic nephropathy); vomiting or emesis (e.g.chemotherapy induced vomiting); nausea (e.g. refractory nausea orchemotherapy induced nausea); an eating disorder (e.g anorexia orbulimia); neuropathy (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, pellagric neuropathy,alcoholic neuropathy, Beriberi neuropathy); burning feet syndrome; aneurodegenerative disorder [multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease(PD), Huntington's disease, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophiclateral sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy, fronto-temporal lobe dementia, asleep disorder, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), or prion disease]; acardiovascular disease (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia,atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, or cardiac ischemia);osteoporosis; osteoarthritis; schizophrenia; depression; bipolardisease; tremor; dyskinesia; dystonia; spasticity; Tourette's syndrome;sleep apnea; hearing loss; an eye disease (e.g., glaucoma, ocularhypertension, macular degeneration, or a disease arising from elevatedintraocular pressure); cachexia; insomnia; meningitis; sleepingsickness; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; De Vivo disease;cerebral edema; cerebral palsy; withdrawal syndrome [alcohol withdrawalsyndrome, antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, antipsychoticwithdrawal syndrome, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, cannabiswithdrawal, neonatal withdrawal, nicotine withdrawal, or opioidwithdrawal]; traumatic brain injury; non-traumatic brain injury; spinalcord injury; seizures; excitotoxin exposure; ischemia [stroke, hepaticischemia or reperfusion, CNS ischemia or reperfusion]; liver fibrosis,iron overload, cirrhosis of the liver; a lung disorder [asthma,allergies, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis,pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, lung cancers, acuterespiratory distress syndrome, intersitital lung disease (ILD),sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, pleuraleffusion, or mesothelioma]; a liver disorder [acute liver failure,Alagille syndrome, hepatitis, enlarged liver, Gilbert's syndrome, livercysts, liver hemangioma, fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, primarysclerosing cholangitis, fascioliasis, primary bilary cirrhosis,Budd-Chiari syndrome, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, ortransthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis], stroke [e.g., ischemicstroke; hemorrhagic stroke]; subarachnoid hemorrhage; intracerebralhemorrhage; vasospasm; AIDS wasting syndrome; renal ischemia; a disorderassociated with abnormal cell growth or proliferation [e.g., a benigntumor or cancer such as benign skin tumor, brain tumor, papilloma,prostate tumor, cerebral tumor (glioblastoma, medulloepithelioma,medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, astroblastoma, ependymoma,oligodendroglioma, plexus tumor, neuroepithelioma, epiphyseal tumor,ependymoblastoma, malignant meningioma, sarcomatosis, melanoma,schwannoma), melanoma, metastatic tumor, kidney cancer, bladder cancer,brain cancer, glioblastoma (GBM), gastrointestinal cancer, leukemia orblood cancer]; an autoimmune diseas [e.g., psoriasis, lupuserythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis,undifferentiated spondylitis, Behcet's disease, hemolytic anemia, graftrejection]; an inflammatory disorder [e.g., appendicitis, bursitis,colitis, cystitis, dermatitis, phlebitis, rhinitis, tendonitis,tonsillitis, vasculitis, acne vulgaris, chronic prostatitis,glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivities, IBS, pelvic inflammatorydisease, sarcoidosis, HIV encephalitis, rabies, brain abscess,neuroinflammation, inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS)]; adisorder of the immune system (e.g., transplant rejection or celiacdisease); post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); acute stress disorder;panic disorder; substance-induced anxiety; obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD); agoraphobia; specific phobia; social phobia; anxiety disorder;attention deficit disorder (ADD); attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD); Asperger's syndrome; pain [e.g., acute pain; chronicpain; inflammatory pain; visceral pain; post-operative pain; migraine;lower back pain; joint pain; abdominal pain; chest pain; postmastectomypain syndrome; menstrual pain; endometriosis pain; pain due to physicaltrauma; headache; sinus headache; tension headache arachnoiditis, herpesvirus pain, diabetic pain; pain due to a disorder selected from:osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondylitis, gout,labor, musculoskeletal disease, skin disease, toothache, pyresis, burn,sunburn, snake bite, venomous snake bite, spider bite, insect sting,neurogenic bladder, interstitial cystitis, urinary tract infection(UTI), rhinitis, contact dermatitis/hypersensitivity, itch, eczema,pharyngitis, mucositis, enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),cholecystitis, and pancreatitis; neuropathic pain (e.g., neuropathic lowback pain, complex regional pain syndrome, post trigeminal neuralgia,causalgia, toxic neuropathy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, diabeticneuropathy, chronic neuropathy from chemotherapeutic agent, or sciaticapain)]; a demyelinating disease [e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), Devic'sdisease, CNS neuropathies, central pontine myelinolysis, syphiliticmyelopathy, leukoencephalopathies, leukodystrophies, Guillain-Barresyndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) peripheral neuropathy,Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, opticneuropathy, progressive inflammatory neuropathy, optic neuritis,transverse myelitis]; and cognitive impairment [e.g., cognitiveimpairment associated with Down's syndrome; cognitive impairmentassociated with Alzheimer's disease; cognitive impairment associatedwith PD; mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, post-chemotherapycognitive impairment (PCCI), postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)].

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers tothat amount of the compound (including a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof) being administered which will relieve to some extent oneor more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated. In reference tothe treatment of a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder (e.g., Alzheimer'sdisease, inflammation, or pain), a therapeutically effective amountrefers to that amount which has the effect of relieving to some extent(or, for example, eliminating) one or more symptoms associated with theMAGL-mediated disease or disorder (e.g., psychotic symptom ofAlzheimer's disease).

The term “treating”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, meansreversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing thedisorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or moresymptoms of such disorder or condition. The term “treatment”, as usedherein, unless otherwise indicated, refers to the act of treating as“treating” is defined herein.

The term “treating” also includes adjuvant and neo-adjuvant treatment ofa subject.

As used herein, the term “adjacent” in describing the relative positionsof two substituent groups on a ring structure refers to two substituentgroups that are respectively attached to two ring-forming atoms of thesame ring, wherein the two ring-forming atoms are directly connectedthrough a chemical bond. For example, in each of the followingstructures:

either of the two R⁷⁰⁰ groups is an adjacent group of R⁶⁰⁰.

As used herein, the term “n-membered”, where n is an integer, typicallydescribes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the numberof ring-forming atoms is n. For example, pyridine is an example of a6-membered heteroaryl ring and thiophene is an example of a 5-memberedheteroaryl group.

At various places in the present specification, substituents ofcompounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It isspecifically intended that the invention include each and everyindividual sub-combination of the members of such groups and ranges. Forexample, the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is specifically intended to include C₁alkyl (methyl), C₂ alkyl (ethyl), C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₅ alkyl, and C₆alkyl. For another example, the term “a 5- to 10-membered heteroarylgroup” is specifically intended to include any 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or10-membered heteroaryl group.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” is defined to include saturatedaliphatic hydrocarbons including straight chains and branched chains. Insome embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. For example,the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl,” as well as the alkyl moieties of other groupsreferred to herein (e.g., C₁₋₆ alkoxy) refers to linear or branchedradicals of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, orn-hexyl). For yet another example, the term “C₁₋₄ alkyl” refers tolinear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon chains of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;the term “C₁₋₃ alkyl” refers to linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbonchains of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; the term “C₁₋₂ alkyl” refers to methyland/or ethyl; and the term “C₁ alkyl” refers to methyl. An alkyl groupoptionally can be substituted by one or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitablesubstituents.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to aliphatic hydrocarbonshaving at least one carbon-carbon double bond, including straight chainsand branched chains having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Insome embodiments, the alkenyl group has 2 to 20 carbon atoms, 2 to 10carbon atoms, 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or 2 to 4 carbonatoms. For example, as used herein, the term “C₂₋₆ alkenyl” meansstraight or branched chain unsaturated radicals (having at least onecarbon-carbon double bond) of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, including, but notlimited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), isopropenyl,2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like. An alkenylgroup optionally can be substituted by one or more (e.g., 1 to 5)suitable substituents. When the compounds of Formula I contain analkenyl group, the alkenyl group may exist as the pure E form, the pureZ form, or any mixture thereof.

As used herein, the term “alkynyl” refers to aliphatic hydrocarbonshaving at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, including straight chainsand branched chains having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Insome embodiments, the alkynyl group has 2 to 20, 2 to 10, 2 to 6, or 3to 6 carbon atoms. For example, as used herein, the term “C₂₋₆ alkynyl”refers to straight or branched hydrocarbon chain alkynyl radicals asdefined above, having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. An alkynyl group optionallycan be substituted by one or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable substituents.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to saturated orunsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic)hydrocarbon rings (e.g., monocyclics such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, orbicyclics including spiro, fused, or bridged systems (such asbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl orbicyclo[5.2.0]nonanyl, decahydronaphthalenyl, etc.). The cycloalkylgroup has 3 to 15 carbon atoms. In some embodiments the cycloalkyl mayoptionally contain one, two or more non-cumulative non-aromatic doubleor triple bonds and/or one to three oxo groups. In some embodiments, thebicycloalkyl group has 6 to 14 carbon atoms. For example, the term“C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl” refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic,monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 14ring-forming carbon atoms (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, or cyclodecanyl); and the term “C₃₋₇cycloalkyl” refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclicor polycyclic (such as bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 7ring-forming carbon atoms (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl, or bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-2-yl).For another example, the term “C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl” refers to saturated orunsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic)hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 6 ring-forming carbon atoms. For yet anotherexample, the term “C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl” refers to cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl.

Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have oneor more aromatic rings (including aryl and heteroaryl) fused to thecycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives ofcyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, and the like (e.g.,2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-yl, or 1H-inden-2(3H)-one-1-yl). The cycloalkylgroup optionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitablesubstituents.

As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to all-carbon monocyclic orfused-ring polycyclic aromatic groups having a conjugated pi-electronsystem. The aryl group has 6 or 10 carbon atoms in the ring(s). Mostcommonly, the aryl group has 6 carbon atoms in the ring. For example, asused herein, the term “C₆₋₁₀ aryl” means aromatic radicals containingfrom 6 to 10 carbon atoms such as phenyl or naphthyl. The aryl groupoptionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitablesubstituents.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to monocyclic or fused-ringpolycyclic aromatic heterocyclic groups with one or more heteroatom ringmembers (ring-forming atoms) each independently selected from O, S and Nin at least one ring. The heteroaryl group has 5 to 14 ring-formingatoms, including 1 to 13 carbon atoms, and 1 to 8 heteroatoms selectedfrom O, S, and N. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group has 5 to 10ring-forming atoms including one to four heteroatoms. The heteroarylgroup can also contain one to three oxo or thiono (i.e., ═S) groups. Insome embodiments, the heteroaryl group has 5 to 8 ring-forming atomsincluding one, two or three heteroatoms. For example, the term“5-membered heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic heteroaryl group asdefined above with 5 ring-forming atoms in the monocyclic heteroarylring; the term “6-membered heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic heteroarylgroup as defined above with 6 ring-forming atoms in the monocyclicheteroaryl ring; and the term “5- or 6-membered heteroaryl” refers to amonocyclic heteroaryl group as defined above with 5 or 6 ring-formingatoms in the monocyclic heteroaryl ring. For another example, term “5-or 10-membered heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroarylgroup as defined above with 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ring-forming atoms inthe monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl groupoptionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitablesubstituents. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include those with 5ring-forming atoms including one to three heteroatoms or those with 6ring-forming atoms including one, two or three nitrogen heteroatoms.Examples of fused bicyclic heteroaryls include two fused 5- and/or6-membered monocyclic rings including one to four heteroatoms.

Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl,pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl (e.g.,1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (e.g., 1,2-thiazolyl,1,3-thiazolyl), pyrazolyl (e.g., pyrazol-1-yl, pyrazol-3-yl,pyrazol-4-yl), tetrazolyl, triazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-triazolyl,1,2,4-triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl), thiadiazolyl(e.g., 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl), quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothienyl,benzofuryl, indolyl, 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinyl,imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinyl,imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazinyl,imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, 1H-indazolyl,9H-purinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl,[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazinyl,isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridazinyl, isoxazolo[3,4-c]pyridazinyl, pyridone,pyrimidone, pyrazinone, pyrimidinone, 1H-imidazol-2(3H)-one,1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, 3-oxo-2H-pyridazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl,1H-2-oxo-pyridinyl, 2,4(1H,3H)-dioxo-pyrimidinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrazinyl,and the like. The heteroaryl group optionally can be substituted by 1 ormore (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable substituents.

As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic orpolycyclic [including 2 or more rings that are fused together, includingspiro, fused, or bridged systems, for example, a bicyclic ring system],saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 4- to 15-membered ring system(such as a 4- to 14-membered ring system, 4- to 12-membered ring system,5- to 10-membered ring system, 4- to 7-membered ring system, 4- to6-membered ring system, or 5- to 6-membered ring system), including 1 to14 ring-forming carbon atoms and 1 to 10 ring-forming heteroatoms eachindependently selected from O, S and N (and optionally P or B whenpresent). The heterocycloalkyl group can also optionally contain one ormore oxo (i.e., ═O) or thiono (i.e., ═S) groups. For example, the term“4- to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic orpolycyclic, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 4- to 12-memberedring system that comprises one or more ring-forming heteroatoms eachindependently selected from O, S and N; and the term “4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic, saturated orunsaturated, non-aromatic 4- to 10-membered ring system that comprisesone or more ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from O,S and N. For another example, the term “4- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic, saturated orunsaturated, non-aromatic 4- to 6-membered ring system that comprisesone or more ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from O,S and N; and the term “5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl” refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 5- to6-membered ring system that comprises one or more ring-formingheteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N. Also includedin the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or morearomatic rings (including aryl and heteroaryl) fused to the nonaromaticheterocycloalkyl ring, for example pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl,pyrazolyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, and benzo derivatives of thenonaromatic heterocycloalkyl rings. The heterocycloalkyl groupoptionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitablesubstituents.

Examples of such heterocycloalkyl rings include azetidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydrothiazinyl, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl,morpholinyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrodiazinyl, oxazinyl, oxathiazinyl,quinuclidinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, benzoxazinyl,2-oxaspiro[3.3]heptyl {e.g., 2-oxaspiro[3.3]hept-6-yl},7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl, 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl,7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-yl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-on-2-yl,3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl and the like.Further examples of heterocycloalkyl rings include tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydropyranyl (e.g.,tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl), imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl,imidazolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl,piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl,piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, 1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, 1,4-oxazepan-1-yl,isothiazolidinyl, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl,1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl,1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl, 1,4-oxazin-4-yl,oxazolidinonyl, 2-oxo-piperidinyl (e.g., 2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl),2-oxoazepan-3-yl, and the like. Some examples of aromatic-fusedheterocycloalkyl groups include indolinyl, isoindolinyl,isoindolin-1-one-3-yl, 5,7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl,6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl,4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-5-yl,5,6-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-7(4H)-one-5-yl,1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-yl, and3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one-3-yl groups. The heterocycloalkyl groupis optionally substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitablesubstituents. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include 5- or6-membered monocyclic rings and 9- or 10-membered fused bicyclic rings.

As used herein, the term “halo” or “halogen” group is defined to includefluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having oneor more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogenatom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom). Forexample, the term “C₁₋₆ haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₆ alkyl group havingone or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., everyhydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom).For another example, the term “C₁₋₄ haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ alkylgroup having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e.,every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogenatom); the term “C₁₋₃ haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₃ alkyl group having oneor more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogenatom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom); and theterm “C₁₋₂ haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₂ alkyl group (i.e., methyl orethyl) having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl,i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by ahalogen atom). For yet another example, the term “C₁ haloalkyl” refersto a methyl group having one, two, or three halogen substituents.Examples of haloalkyl groups include CF₃, C₂F5, CHF₂, CH₂F, CH₂CF₃,CH₂Cl and the like.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” refers to an —O-alkylgroup. For example, the term “C₁₋₆ alkoxy” or “C₁₋₆ alkyloxy” refers toan —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl) group; and the term “C₁₋₄ alkoxy” or “C₁₋₄ alkyloxy”refers to an —O—(C₁₋₄ alkyl) group; For another example, the term “C₁₋₂alkoxy” or “C₁₋₂ alkyloxy” refers to an —O—(C₁₋₂ alkyl) group. Examplesof alkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy andisopropoxy), tert-butoxy, and the like. The alkoxy or alkyloxy groupoptionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitablesubstituents.

As used here, the term “haloalkoxy” refers to an —O-haloalkyl group. Forexample, the term “C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy” refers to an —O—(C₁₋₆ haloalkyl)group. For another example, the term “C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy” refers to an—O—(C₁₋₄ haloalkyl) group; and the term “C₁₋₂ haloalkoxy” refers to an—O—(C₁₋₂ haloalkyl) group. For yet another example, the term “C₁haloalkoxy” refers to a methoxy group having one, two, or three halogensubstituents. An example of haloalkoxy is —OCF₃ or —OCHF₂.

As used herein, the term “fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group havingone or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluoroalkyl, i.e., everyhydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by fluorine). Forexample, the term “C₁₋₂ fluoroalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₂ alkyl group havingone or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluoroalkyl, i.e., everyhydrogen atom of the C₁₋₂ alkyl group has been replaced by fluorine).For another example, the term “C₁ fluoroalkyl” refers to a C, alkylgroup (i.e., methyl) having 1, 2, or 3 fluorine substituents). Examplesof fluoroalkyl groups include CF₃, C₂F5, CH₂CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, and thelike.

As used here, the term “fluoroalkoxy” refers to an —O-fluoroalkyl group.For example, the term “C₁₋₂ fluoroalkoxy” refers to an —O—C₁₋₂fluoroalkyl group. For another example, the term “C₁ fluoroalkoxy”refers to a methoxy group having one, two, or three fluorinesubstituents. An example of C₁ fluoroalkoxy is —OCF₃ or —OCHF₂.

As used herein, the term “hydroxylalkyl” or “hydroxyalkyl” refers to analkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents. Theterm “C₁₋₆ hydroxylalkyl” or “C₁₋₆ hydroxyalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₆ alkylgroup having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents.

The term “C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl” or “C₁₋₄ hydroxyalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents; theterm “C₁₋₃ hydroxylalkyl” or “C₁₋₃ hydroxyalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₃ alkylgroup having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents; and theterm “C₁₋₂ hydroxylalkyl” or “C₁₋₂ hydroxyalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₂ alkylgroup having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents. An exampleof hydroxylalkyl is —CH₂OH or —CH₂CH₂OH.

As used herein, the term “cyanoalkyl” refers to an alkyl group havingone or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) —CN substituents. The term “C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₆ alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2,or 3) —CN substituents. For example, C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl is C₁₋₆ alkyl(i.e., methyl) having one or more (e.g., one) —CN substituents. Anexample of cyanoalkyl is —CH₂CN or —CH₂CH₂CN.

As used herein, the term “oxo” refers to ═O. When an oxo is substitutedon a carbon atom, they together form a carbonyl moiety [—C(═O)—]. Whenan oxo is substituted on a sulfur atom, they together form a sulfinylmoiety [—S(═O)—]; when two oxo groups are substituted on a sulfur atom,they together form a sulfonyl moiety [—S(═O)₂—].

As used herein, the term “thiono” refers to ═S. When an thiono issubstituted on a carbon atom, they together form moiety of [—C(═S)—].

As used herein, the term “optionally substituted” means thatsubstitution is optional and therefore includes both unsubstituted andsubstituted atoms and moieties. A “substituted” atom or moiety indicatesthat any hydrogen on the designated atom or moiety can be replaced witha selection from the indicated substituent group (up to that everyhydrogen atom on the designated atom or moiety is replaced with aselection from the indicated substituent group), provided that thenormal valency of the designated atom or moiety is not exceeded, andthat the substitution results in a stable compound. For example, if amethyl group (i.e., CH₃) is optionally substituted, then up to 3hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom can be replaced with substituentgroups.

As used herein, the term “optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl” refers toC₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one or more (e.g., 1 to 5)substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of—OH, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkoxy,and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy.

As used herein, the term “optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl” refersto C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more (e.g., 1 to 5)substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of—OH, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy.

As used herein, the term “optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₂alkyl-” refers to C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₂ alkyl- optionally substituted byone or more (e.g., 1 to 5) substituents each independently selected fromthe group consisting of —OH, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl),—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy.

As used herein, the term “optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy” refers toC₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted by one or more (e.g., 1 to 5)substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of—OH, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkoxy,and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy.

As used herein, unless specified, the point of attachment of asubstituent can be from any suitable position of the substituent. Forexample, piperidinyl can be piperidin-1-yl (attached through the N atomof the piperidinyl), piperidin-2-yl (attached through the C atom at the2-position of the piperidinyl), piperidin-3-yl (attached through the Catom at the 3-position of the piperidinyl), or piperidin-4-yl (attachedthrough the C atom at the 4-position of the piperidinyl). For anotherexample, pyridinyl (or pyridyl) can be 2-pyridinyl (or pyridin-2-yl),3-pyridinyl (or pyridin-3-yl), or 4-pyridinyl (or pyridin-4-yl).

As used herein, the point of attachment of a substituent can bespecified to indicate the position where the substituent is attached toanother moiety. For example, “—C₁₋₂ alkyl-(C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl)” means thepoint of attachment occurs at the “C₁₋₂ alkyl” part of the “—C₁₋₂alkyl-(C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl).” For another example, “(C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₂alkyl-” also means the point of attachment occurs at the “C₁₋₂ alkyl”part of the “(C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₂ alkyl-.”

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting twoatoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any of thering-forming atoms in that ring that are substitutable (i.e., bonded toone or more hydrogen atoms), unless otherwise specified or otherwiseimplicit from the context. For example, as shown in the structure ofFormula a-6 below, R⁸ may be bonded to any of the ring atoms of ring A¹,but not to the ring including the N atom as shown in Formula a-6. Foranother example, as shown in Formula a-5 below (when t1 is 1), the R⁹group can be bonded to any of the ring carbon atoms or the N atom (ofthe NH moiety) because the cross-bond is through both rings of thebicyclic structure; on the other hand, R⁸ can only be bonded to the Natom (of the NH moiety) and the two carbon ring atoms that are directlyconnected to the N atom (of the NH moiety). R⁸ cannot be bonded toeither of the carbon atom of the moiety of “CH₂CH₂” (the H atoms are notshown) of the pyrrolidine ring of the bicyclic system of Formula a-5because the bond does not cross the pyrrolidine ring.

As used herein, unless otherwise specifically indicated, alinkage/linker—a moiety that links two other moieties—can be attached tothe other two moieties in either direction, if the linkage/linker isasymmetric. For example, when R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ and L¹ is —S(═O)₂—NR²³—,then R⁸ can be either —S(═O)₂—NR²³—R¹¹ or —NR²³—S(═O)₂—R¹ (unlessotherwise specifically indicated).

When a substituted or optionally substituted moiety is described withoutindicating the atom via which such moiety is bonded to a substituent,then the substituent may be bonded via any appropriate atom in suchmoiety. For example in a substituted arylalkyl, a substituent on thearylalkyl [e.g., (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₄ alkyl-] can be bonded to any carbonatom on the alkyl part or on the aryl part of the arylalkyl.Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only ifsuch combinations result in stable compounds.

As noted above, the compounds of Formula I may exist in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts such as acid addition salts and/orbase addition salts of the compounds of Formula I. The phrase“pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)”, as used herein, unless otherwiseindicated, includes acid addition or base salts which may be present inthe compounds of Formula I.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula I includethe acid addition and base salts thereof.

Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxicsalts. Examples include the acetate, adipate, aspartate, benzoate,besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, borate,camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclamate, edisylate, esylate, formate,fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate,hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide,hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate,mesylate, methylsulfate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate,orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogenphosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, pyroglutamate, saccharate, stearate,succinate, tannate, tartrate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate and xinafoatesalts.

Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts.Examples include the aluminium, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline,diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine,potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts.

Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example,hemisulfate and hemicalcium salts.

For a review on suitable salts, see “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts:Properties, Selection, and Use” by Stahl and Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, 2002).Methods for making pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds ofFormula I are known to one of skill in the art.

As used herein the terms “Formula I” or “Formula I or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof” are defined to include all forms of thecompound of Formula I or pharmaceutically salt thereof, includinghydrates, solvates, isomers (including for example rotationalstereoisomers), crystalline and non-crystalline forms, isomorphs,polymorphs, metabolites, and prodrugs thereof.

As is known to the person skilled in the art, amine compounds (i.e.,those comprising one or more nitrogen atoms), for example tertiaryamines, can form N-oxides (also known as amine oxides or amineN-oxides). An N-oxide has the formula of (R¹⁰⁰)(R²⁰⁰)(R³⁰⁰)N⁺—O⁻ whereinthe parent amine (R¹⁰⁰)(R²⁰⁰)(R³⁰⁰)N can be, for example, a tertiaryamine (for example, each of R¹⁰⁰, R²⁰⁰, R³⁰⁰ is independently alkyl,arylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or the like), a heterocyclic orheteroaromatic amine [for example, (R¹⁰⁰)(R²⁰⁰)(R³⁰⁰)N together forms1-alkylpiperidine, 1-alkylpyrrolidine, 1-benzylpyrrolidine, orpyridine]. For instance, an imine nitrogen, especially a heterocyclic orheteroaromatic imine nitrogen, or pyridine-type nitrogen

atom [such as a nitrogen atom in pyridine, pyridazine, or pyrazine], canbe N-oxidized to form the N-oxide comprising the group

Thus, a compound according to the present invention comprising one ormore nitrogen atoms (e.g., an imine nitrogen atom) may be capable offorming an N-oxide thereof (e.g., mono-N-oxides, bis-N-oxides ormulti-N-oxides, or mixtures thereof depending on the number of nitrogenatoms suitable to form stable N-oxides).

As used herein, the term “N-oxide(s)” refer to all possible, and inparticular all stable, N-oxide forms of the amine compounds (e.g.,compounds comprising one or more imine nitrogen atoms) described herein,such as mono-N-oxides (including different isomers when more than onenitrogen atom of an amine compound can form a mono-N-oxide) ormulti-N-oxides (e.g., bis-N-oxides), or mixtures thereof in any ratio.

Compounds of Formula I and their salts described herein further includeN-oxides thereof.

In the description herein below, unless otherwise specified, compoundsof Formula I (or compounds of the invention) include salts of thecompounds and the N-oxides of the compounds or the salts.

As is also known to the person skilled in the art, tertiary aminecompounds (i.e., those comprising one or more tertiary amine nitrogenatoms) can form quaternary ammonium salts. In the description hereinbelow, unless otherwise specified, compounds of Formula I (or compoundsof the invention) further include their quaternary ammonium salts.

Compounds of Formula I may exist in a continuum of solid states rangingfrom fully amorphous to fully crystalline. The term ‘amorphous’ refersto a state in which the material lacks long-range order at the molecularlevel and, depending upon temperature, may exhibit the physicalproperties of a solid or a liquid. Typically such materials do not givedistinctive X-ray diffraction patterns and, while exhibiting theproperties of a solid, are more formally described as a liquid. Uponheating, a change from apparent solid to a material with liquidproperties occurs, which is characterised by a change of state,typically second order (‘glass transition’). The term ‘crystalline’refers to a solid phase in which the material has a regular orderedinternal structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-raydiffraction pattern with defined peaks. Such materials when heatedsufficiently will also exhibit the properties of a liquid, but thechange from solid to liquid is characterized by a phase change,typically first order (‘melting point’).

Compounds of Formula I may exist in unsolvated and solvated forms. Whenthe solvent or water is tightly bound, the complex will have awell-defined stoichiometry independent of humidity. When, however, thesolvent or water is weakly bound, as in channel solvates and hygroscopiccompounds, the water/solvent content will be dependent on humidity anddrying conditions. In such cases, non-stoichiometry will be the norm.

The compounds of Formula I may exist as clathrates or other complexes(e.g., co-crystals). Included within the scope of the invention arecomplexes such as clathrates, drug-host inclusion complexes wherein thedrug and host are present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometricamounts. Also included are complexes of the compounds of Formula Icontaining two or more organic and/or inorganic components, which may bein stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. The resulting complexesmay be ionized, partially ionized, or non-ionized. Co-crystals aretypically defined as crystalline complexes of neutral molecularconstituents that are bound together through non-covalent interactions,but could also be a complex of a neutral molecule with a salt.Co-crystals may be prepared by melt crystallization, byrecrystallization from solvents, or by physically grinding thecomponents together; see O. Almarsson and M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Commun.2004, 17, 1889-1896. For a general review of multi-component complexes,see J. K. Haleblian, J. Pharm. Sci. 1975, 64, 1269-1288.

The compounds of the invention may also exist in a mesomorphic state(mesophase or liquid crystal) when subjected to suitable conditions. Themesomorphic state is intermediate between the true crystalline state andthe true liquid state (either melt or solution). Mesomorphism arising asthe result of a change in temperature is described as ‘thermotropic’ andthat resulting from the addition of a second component, such as water oranother solvent, is described as ‘lyotropic’. Compounds that have thepotential to form lyotropic mesophases are described as ‘amphiphilic’and consist of molecules which possess an ionic (such as —COO—Na⁺,—COO—K⁺, or —SO₃—Na⁺) or non-ionic (such as —N—N⁺(CH₃)₃) polar headgroup. For more information, see Crystals and the Polarizing Microscopeby N. H. Hartshorne and A. Stuart, 4^(th) Edition (Edward Arnold, 1970).

The invention also relates to prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I.Thus certain derivatives of compounds of Formula I which may have littleor no pharmacological activity themselves can, when administered into oronto the body, be converted into compounds of Formula I having thedesired activity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage. Such derivativesare referred to as “prodrugs”. Further information on the use ofprodrugs may be found in Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14,ACS Symposium Series (T. Higuchi and W. Stella) and BioreversibleCarriers in Drug Design, Pergamon Press, 1987 (Ed. E. B. Roche, AmericanPharmaceutical Association).

Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be producedby replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds ofFormula I with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as‘pro-moieties’ as described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs by H.Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985), or in Prodrugs: Challenges and Reward, 2007edition, edited by Valentino Stella, Ronald Borchardt, Michael Hageman,Reza Oliyai, Hans Maag, Jefferson Tilley, pages 134-175 (Springer,2007).

Moreover, certain compounds of Formula I may themselves act as prodrugsof other compounds of Formula I.

Also included within the scope of the invention are metabolites ofcompounds of Formula I, that is, compounds formed in vivo uponadministration of the drug.

The compounds of Formula I include all stereoisomers and tautomers.Stereoisomers of Formula I include cis and trans isomers, opticalisomers such as R and S enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomers,rotational isomers, atropisomers, and conformational isomers of thecompounds of Formula I, including compounds exhibiting more than onetype of isomerism; and mixtures thereof (such as racemates anddiastereomeric pairs). Also included are acid addition or base additionsalts wherein the counterion is optically active, for example, D-lactateor L-lysine, or racemic, for example, DL-tartrate or DL-arginine.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I (including saltsthereof) may have asymmetric carbon atoms. The carbon-carbon bonds ofthe compounds of Formula I may be depicted herein using a solid line(—), a wavy line (

), a solid wedge (

), or a dotted wedge (

). The use of a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms ismeant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers (e.g., specificenantiomers, racemic mixtures, etc.) at that carbon atom are included.The use of either a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds to asymmetriccarbon atoms is meant to indicate that only the stereoisomer shown ismeant to be included. The use of a wavy line to depict bonds toasymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that the stereochemistry isunknown (unless otherwise specified). It is possible that compounds ofFormula I may contain more than one asymmetric carbon atom. In thosecompounds, the use of a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbonatoms is meant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers are meant tobe included. For example, unless stated otherwise, it is intended thatthe compounds of Formula I can exist as enantiomers and diastereomers oras racemates and mixtures thereof. The use of a solid line to depictbonds to one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in a compound of Formula Iand the use of a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds to otherasymmetric carbon atoms in the same compound is meant to indicate that amixture of diastereomers is present.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I may exist in and/or beisolated as atropisomers (e.g., one or more atropenantiomers). Thoseskilled in the art would recognize that atropisomerism may exist in acompound that has two or more aromatic rings (for example, two aromaticrings linked through a single bond). See e.g., Freedman, T. B. et al.,Absolute Configuration Determination of Chiral Molecules in the SolutionState Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism. Chirality 2003, 15, 743-758;and Bringmann, G. et al., Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially ChiralBiaryl Compounds. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 5384-5427.

When any racemate crystallizes, crystals of different types arepossible. One type is the racemic compound (true racemate) wherein onehomogeneous form of crystal is produced containing both enantiomers inequimolar amounts. Another type is a racemic mixture or conglomeratewherein two forms of crystal are produced in equal or different molaramounts each comprising a single enantiomer.

The compounds of Formula I may exhibit the phenomena of tautomerism andstructural isomerism. For example, the compounds of Formula I may existin several tautomeric forms, including the enol and imine form, theamide and imidic acid form, and the keto and enamine form and geometricisomers and mixtures thereof. All such tautomeric forms are includedwithin the scope of the compounds of Formula I. Tautomers may exist asmixtures of a tautomeric set in solution. In solid form, usually onetautomer predominates. Even though one tautomer may be described, thepresent invention includes all tautomers of the compounds of Formula I.For example, when one of the following two tautomers (wherein R can be,for example, phenyl that is further substituted) is disclosed, thoseskilled in the art would readily recognize the other tautomer.

The present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptableisotopically labelled compounds of Formula I or salts thereof whereinone or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number,but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or massnumber which predominates in nature.

Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of theinvention include isotopes of hydrogen, such as ²H and ³H, carbon, suchas ¹¹C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C, chlorine, such as ³⁶Cl, fluorine, such as ¹⁸F,iodine, such as ¹²³I and ¹²⁵I, nitrogen, such as ¹³N and ¹⁵N, oxygen,such as ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O, phosphorus, such as ³²P, and sulphur, such as³⁵S.

Certain isotopically labelled compounds of Formula I, for example, thoseincorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substratetissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e., ³H,and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose inview of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.

Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, mayafford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.

Substitution with positron-emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and¹³N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies forexamining substrate receptor occupancy.

Isotopically labeled compounds of Formula I can generally be prepared byconventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or byprocesses analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples andPreparations using an appropriate isotopically labeled reagent in placeof the non-labeled reagent previously employed.

The present invention also provides compositions (e.g., pharmaceuticalcompositions) comprising a novel compound of Formula I. Accordingly, inone embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising (a therapeutically effective amount of) a novel compound ofFormula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and optionallycomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one furtherembodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising (a therapeutically effective amount of) a compound of FormulaI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, optionally, at least oneadditional medicinal or pharmaceutical agent (such as an antipsychoticagent or anti-schizophrenia agent described below). In one embodiment,the additional medicinal or pharmaceutical agent is ananti-schizophrenia agent as described below.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may comprise any conventionalpharmaceutical carrier or excipient. Suitable pharmaceutical carriersinclude inert diluents or fillers, water and various organic solvents(such as hydrates and solvates). The pharmaceutical compositions may, ifdesired, contain additional ingredients such as flavorings, binders,excipients and the like. Thus for oral administration, tabletscontaining various excipients, such as citric acid, may be employedtogether with various disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid andcertain complex silicates and with binding agents such as sucrose,gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesiumstearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for tabletingpurposes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed insoft and hard filled gelatin capsules. Non-limiting examples ofmaterials, therefore, include lactose or milk sugar and high molecularweight polyethylene glycols. When aqueous suspensions or elixirs aredesired for oral administration, the active compound therein may becombined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring mattersor dyes and, if desired, emulsifying agents or suspending agents,together with diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol,glycerin, or combinations thereof.

The pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in a form suitablefor oral administration as a tablet, capsule, pill, powder, sustainedrelease formulation, solution or suspension, for parenteral injection asa sterile solution, suspension or emulsion, for topical administrationas an ointment or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository.

Exemplary parenteral administration forms include solutions orsuspensions of active compounds in sterile aqueous solutions, forexample, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions. Such dosageforms may be suitably buffered, if desired.

The pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms suitable forsingle administration of precise dosages. One of ordinary skill in theart would appreciate that the composition may be formulated insub-therapeutic dosage such that multiple doses are envisioned.

In one embodiment the composition comprises a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of Formula I or salt thereof and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

Compounds of Formula I (including salts thereof) are MAGL inhibitors. Insome embodiments, the IC₅₀ of a compound of Formula I (or itsmetabolite) is less than about 10 μM, 5 μM, 2 μM, 1 μM, 500 nM, 200 nM,100 nM, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2, or 1 nM as determined by the method inExample AA described herein below.

Administration of the compounds of Formula I (including salts therof)may be effected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds tothe site of action. These methods include, for example, enteral routes(e.g., oral routes, buccal routes, sublabial routes, sublingual routes),oral routes, intranasal routes, inhaled routes, intraduodenal routes,parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous,intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), intrathecal routes, epiduralroutes, intracerebral routes, intracerbroventricular routes, topical,and rectal administration.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compounds of Formula Imay be administered/effected by parenteral injection routes (e.g.,intravenous injection route).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compounds of Formula Imay be administered/effected by oral routes.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response.For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided dosesmay be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reducedor increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeuticsituation. It may be advantageous to formulate parenteral compositionsin dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.Dosage unit form, as used herein, refers to physically discrete unitssuited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; eachunit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculatedto produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with therequired pharmaceutical carrier. The specifications for the dosage unitforms of the invention are dictated by a variety of factors such as theunique characteristics of the therapeutic agent and the particulartherapeutic or prophylactic effect to be achieved. In one embodiment ofthe present invention, the compounds of Formula I may be used to treathumans.

It is to be noted that dosage values may vary with the type and severityof the condition to be alleviated, and may include single or multipledoses. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject,specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to theindividual need and the professional judgment of the personadministering or supervising the administration of the compositions, andthat dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are notintended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. Forexample, doses may be adjusted based on pharmacokinetic orpharmacodynamic parameters, which may include clinical effects such astoxic effects and/or laboratory values. Thus, the present inventionencompasses intra-patient dose-escalation as determined by the skilledartisan. Determining appropriate dosages and regimens for administrationof the chemotherapeutic agent is well-known in the relevant art andwould be understood to be encompassed by the skilled artisan onceprovided the teachings disclosed herein.

The amount of the compound of Formula I administered will be dependenton the subject being treated, the severity of the disorder or condition,the rate of administration, the disposition of the compound and thediscretion of the prescribing physician. Generally, an effective dosageis in the range of about 0.0001 to about 50 mg per kg body weight perday, for example about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg/day, in single or divideddoses. For a 70 kg human, this would amount to about 0.007 mg to about3500 mg/day, for example about 0.7 mg to about 700 mg/day. In someinstances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid rangemay be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses maybe employed without causing any harmful side effect, provided that suchlarger doses are first divided into several small doses foradministration throughout the day.

As used herein, the term “combination therapy” refers to theadministration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof together with an at least one additionalpharmaceutical or medicinal agent (e.g., an anti-schizophrenia agent),either sequentially or simultaneously.

The present invention includes the use of a combination of a compound ofFormula I (including a salt thereof) and one or more additionalpharmaceutically active agent(s). If a combination of active agents isadministered, then they may be administered sequentially orsimultaneously, in separate dosage forms or combined in a single dosageform. Accordingly, the present invention also includes pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising an amount of: (a) a first agent comprising acompound of Formula I (including a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof); (b) a second pharmaceutically active agent; and (c) apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.

Various pharmaceutically active agents may be selected for use inconjunction with the compounds of Formula I, depending on the disease,disorder, or condition to be treated. Pharmaceutically active agentsthat may be used in combination with the compositions of the presentinvention include, without limitation:

(i) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil hydrochloride(ARICEPT, MEMAC); or Adenosine A_(2A) receptor antagonists such asPreladenant (SCH 420814) or SCH 412348;

(ii) amyloid-ß (or fragments thereof), such as Aß₁₋₁₅ conjugated to panHLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) and ACC-001 (Elan/Wyeth);

(iii) antibodies to amyloid-ß (or fragments thereof), such asbapineuzumab (also known as AAB-001) and AAB-002 (Wyeth/Elan);

(iv) amyloid-lowering or -inhibiting agents (including those that reduceamyloid production, accumulation and fibrillization) such as colostrininand bisnorcymserine (also known as BNC);

(v) alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists such as clonidine (CATAPRES);

(vi) beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (beta blockers) such ascarteolol;

(vii) anticholinergics such as amitriptyline (ELAVIL, ENDEP);

(viii) anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine (TEGRETOL, CARBATROL);

(ix) antipsychotics, such as lurasidone (also known as SM-13496;Dainippon Sumitomo);

(x) calcium channel blockers such as nilvadipine (ESCOR, NIVADIL);

(xi) catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors such as tolcapone(TASMAR);

(xii) central nervous system stimulants such as caffeine;

(xiii) corticosteroids such as prednisone (STERAPRED, DELTASONE);

(xiv) dopamine receptor agonists such as apomorphine (APOKYN);

(xv) dopamine receptor antagonists such as tetrabenazine (NITOMAN,XENAZINE, dopamine D2 antagonist such as Quetiapine);

(xvi) dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as nomifensine maleate(MERITAL);

(xvii) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists such as baclofen(LIORESAL, KEMSTRO);

(xviii) histamine 3 (H₃) antagonists such as ciproxifan;

(xix) immunomodulators such as glatiramer acetate (also known ascopolymer-1; COPAXONE);

(xx) immunosuppressants such as methotrexate (TREXALL, RHEUMATREX);

(xxi) interferons, including interferon beta-1a (AVONEX, REBIF) andinterferon beta-lb (BETASERON, BETAFERON);

(xxii) levodopa (or its methyl or ethyl ester), alone or in combinationwith a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., carbidopa (SINEMET, CARBILEV,PARCOPA));

(xxiii) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such asmemantine (NAMENDA, AXURA, EBIXA);

(xxiv) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors such as selegiline (EMSAM);

(xxv) muscarinic receptor (particularly M1 subtype) agonists such asbethanechol chloride (DUVOID, URECHOLINE);

(xxvi) neuroprotective drugs such as2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-3-one oxime;

(xxvii) nicotinic receptor agonists such as epibatidine;

(xxviii) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitors such asatomoxetine (STRATTERA);

(xxix) phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, for example, PDE9 inhibitorssuch as BAY 73-6691 (Bayer AG) and PDE 10 (e.g., PDE10A) inhibitors suchas papaverine;

(xxx) other PDE inhibitors including (a) PDE1 inhibitors (e.g.,vinpocetine), (b) PDE2 inhibitors (e.g.,erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA)), (c) PDE4 inhibitors (e.g.,rolipram), and (d) PDE5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil (VIAGRA, REVATIO));

(xxxi) quinolines such as quinine (including its hydrochloride,dihydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate and gluconate salts);

(xxxii) β-secretase inhibitors such as WY-25105;

(xxxiii) γ-secretase inhibitors such as LY-411575 (Lilly);

(xxxiv) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 1A (5-HT_(1A)) receptorantagonists such as spiperone;

(xxxv) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 4 (5-HT₄) receptor agonists suchas PRX-03140 (Epix);

(xxxvi) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6 (5-HT₆) receptor antagonistssuch as mianserin (TORVOL, BOLVIDON, NORVAL);

(xxxvii) serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors such as alaproclate,citalopram (CELEXA, CIPRAMIL);

(xxxviii) trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), basicfibroblast growth factor (bFGF; ERSOFERMIN), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3),cardiotrophin-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neublastin,meteorin, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and agents thatstimulate production of trophic factors, such as propentofylline;(xxxix) antihemorrhagic (i.e., hemostatic) agents such as rivaroxaban orapixaban; and the like.

The compound of Formula I (including a salt thereof) is optionally usedin combination with another active agent. Such an active agent may be,for example, an atypical antipsychotic or an anti-Parkinson's diseaseagent or an anti-Alzheimer's agent. Accordingly, another embodiment ofthe invention provides methods of treating a MAGL-mediated disease ordisorder in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal aneffective amount of a compound of Formula I (including apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and further comprisingadministering another active agent.

As used herein, the term “another active agent” refers to anytherapeutic agent, other than the compound of Formula I (including or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) that is useful for thetreatment of a subject disorder. Examples of additional therapeuticagents include antidepressants, antipsychotics (such asanti-schizophrenia), anti-pain, anti-Parkinson's disease agents,anti-LID (levodopa-induced dyskinesia), anti-Alzheimer's, anti-anxiety,and antihemorrhagic agents. Examples of particular classes ofantidepressants that can be used in combination with the compounds ofthe invention include norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), NK-1 receptor antagonists,monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOlIs), reversible inhibitors ofmonoamine oxidase (RIMAs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptakeinhibitors (SNRIs), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists,a-adrenoreceptor antagonists, and atypical antidepressants. Suitablenorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include tertiary amine tricyclics andsecondary amine tricyclics. Examples of suitable tertiary aminetricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics include amitriptyline,clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine, dothiepin,butriptyline, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline,amoxapine, desipramine and maprotiline. Examples of suitable selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitors include fluoxetine, fluvoxamine,paroxetine, and sertraline. Examples of monoamine oxidase inhibitorsinclude isocarboxazid, phenelzine, and tranylcyclopramine. Examples ofsuitable reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase include moclobemide.Examples of suitable serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors ofuse in the present invention include venlafaxine. Examples of suitableatypical antidepressants include bupropion, lithium, nefazodone,trazodone and viloxazine. Examples of anti-Alzheimer's agents includeDimebon, NMDA receptor antagonists such as memantine; and cholinesteraseinhibitors such as donepezil and galantamine. Examples of suitableclasses of anti-anxiety agents that can be used in combination with thecompounds of the invention include benzodiazepines and serotonin 1A(5-HT1A) agonists or antagonists, especially 5-HT1A partial agonists,and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists. Suitablebenzodiazepines include alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam,chlorazepate, diazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and prazepam.Suitable 5-HT1A receptor agonists or antagonists include buspirone,flesinoxan, gepirone, and ipsapirone. Suitable atypical antipsychoticsinclude paliperidone, bifeprunox, ziprasidone, risperidone,aripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine. Suitable nicotineacetylcholine agonists include ispronicline, varenicline and MEM 3454.Anti-pain agents include pregabalin, gabapentin, clonidine, neostigmine,baclofen, midazolam, ketamine and ziconotide. Examples of suitableanti-Parkinson's disease agents include L-DOPA (or its methyl or ethylester), a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., carbidopa (SINEMET,CARBILEV, PARCOPA), an Adenosine A_(2A) receptor antagonist [e.g.,Preladenant (SCH 420814) or SCH 412348], benserazide (MADOPAR),a-methyldopa, monofluoromethyldopa, difluoromethyldopa, brocresine, orm-hydroxybenzylhydrazine), a dopamine agonist [such as apomorphine(APOKYN), bromocriptine (PARLODEL), cabergoline (DOSTINEX),dihydrexidine, dihydroergocryptine, fenoldopam (CORLOPAM), lisuride(DOPERGIN), pergolide (PERMAX), piribedil (TRIVASTAL, TRASTAL),pramipexole (MIRAPEX), quinpirole, ropinirole (REQUIP), rotigotine(NEUPRO), SKF-82958 (GlaxoSmithKline), and sarizotan], a monoamineoxidase (MAO) inhibitor [such as selegiline (EMSAM), selegilinehydrochloride (L-deprenyl, ELDEPRYL, ZELAPAR), dimethylselegilene,brofaromine, phenelzine (NARDIL), tranylcypromine (PARNATE), moclobemide(AURORIX, MANERIX), befloxatone, safinamide, isocarboxazid (MARPLAN),nialamide (NIAMID), rasagiline (AZILECT), iproniazide (MARSILID,IPROZID, IPRONID), CHF-3381 (Chiesi Farmaceutici), iproclozide,toloxatone (HUMORYL, PERENUM), bifemelane, desoxypeganine, harmine (alsoknown as telepathine or banasterine), harmaline, linezolid (ZYVOX,ZYVOXID), and pargyline (EUDATIN, SUPIRDYL)], a catecholO-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor [such as tolcapone (TASMAR),entacapone (COMTAN), and tropolone], an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)receptor antagonist [such as amantadine (SYMMETREL)], anticholinergics[such as amitriptyline (ELAVIL, ENDEP), butriptyline, benztropinemesylate (COGENTIN), trihexyphenidyl (ARTANE), diphenhydramine(BENADRYL), orphenadrine (NORFLEX), hyoscyamine, atropine (ATROPEN),scopolamine (TRANSDERM-SCOP), scopolamine methylbromide (PARMINE),dicycloverine (BENTYL, BYCLOMINE, DIBENT, DILOMINE, tolterodine(DETROL), oxybutynin (DITROPAN, LYRINEL XL, OXYTROL), penthienatebromide, propantheline (PRO-BANTHINE), cyclizine, imipraminehydrochloride (TOFRANIL), imipramine maleate (SURMONTIL), lofepramine,desipramine (NORPRAMIN), doxepin (SINEQUAN, ZONALON), trimipramine(SURMONTIL), and glycopyrrolate (ROBINUL)], or a combination thereof.Examples of anti-schizophrenia agents include ziprasidone, risperidone,olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, oriloperidone. Some additional “another active agent” examples includerivastigmine (Exelon), Clozapine, Levodopa, Rotigotine, Aricept,Methylphenidate, memantine, milnacipran, guanfacine, bupropion, andatomoxetine. Examples of antihemorrhagic agents (including, e.g.,coagulation factors, activators, or stabilizers) include Factor Xainhibitors (e.g., rivaroxaban or apixaban) and recombinant CoagulationFactor Vlla (e.g., NovoSeven®).

As noted above, the compounds of Formula I or salts thereof may be usedin combination with one or more additional anti-Alzheimer's agents whichare described herein. When a combination therapy is used, the one ormore additional anti-Alzheimer's agents may be administered sequentiallyor simultaneously with the compound of the invention. In one embodiment,the additional anti-Alzheimer's agent(s) is(are) administered to amammal (e.g., a human) prior to administration of the compound of theinvention. In another embodiment, the additional anti-Alzheimer'sagent(s) is(are) administered to the mammal after administration of thecompound of the invention. In another embodiment, the additionalanti-Alzheimer's agent(s) is(are) administered to the mammal (e.g., ahuman) simultaneously with the administration of the compound of theinvention (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for thetreatment of an inflammatory disorder (e.g., nueroinflammation) in amammal, including a human, which comprises an amount of a compound ofFormula I (including a salt thereof), as defined above (includinghydrates, solvates and polymorphs of said compound or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof), in combination with one or more (for exampleone to three) anti-inflammation agents, wherein the amounts of theactive agent and the combination when taken as a whole aretherapeutically effective for treating the inflammatory disorder.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating aMAGL-mediated disease or disorder in a mammal, including a human, whichcomprises an amount of a compound of Formula I (including a saltthereof), as defined above (including hydrates, solvates and polymorphsof said compound or a salt thereof), in combination with one or more(for example one to three) other agents for treating the MAGL-mediateddisease or disorder, wherein the amount of the active agents and thecombination when taken as a whole are therapeutically effective fortreating the MAGL-mediated disease or disorder.

It will be understood that the compounds of Formula I depicted above arenot limited to a particular stereoisomer (e.g., enantiomer ordiasteroisomer) shown, but also include all stereoisomers and mixturesthereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Compounds of the invention, including salts of the compounds, can beprepared using known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesizedaccording to any of numerous possible synthetic routes. The reactionsfor preparing compounds of the invention can be carried out in suitablesolvents, which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art oforganic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactivewith the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates, or productsat the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g.,temperatures that can range from the solvent's freezing temperature tothe solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried outin one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on theparticular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reactionstep can be selected by the skilled artisan.

Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection anddeprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection anddeprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can bereadily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry ofprotecting groups can be found, for example, in T. W. Greene and P. G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed., Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York (1999), which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in theart. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopicmeans, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), massspectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high-performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC).

Compounds of Formula I and intermediates thereof may be preparedaccording to the following reaction schemes and accompanying discussion.Unless otherwise indicated, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, r and structuralFormula I (including I-a) in the reaction schemes and discussion thatfollow are as defined above. In general, the compounds of this inventionmay be made by processes which include processes analogous to thoseknown in the chemical arts, particularly in light of the descriptioncontained herein. Certain processes for the manufacture of the compoundsof this invention and intermediates thereof are provided as furtherfeatures of the invention and are illustrated by the following reactionschemes. Other processes are described in the experimental section. Theschemes and examples provided herein (including the correspondingdescription) are for illustration only, and not intended to limit thescope of the present invention.

Scheme 1 refers to the synthesis of compounds of Formula I. Referring toScheme 1, a compound of Formula 1-3 [wherein Pg¹ is an alcoholprotecting group such as tert-butyldimethyl silyl (TBDMS) orp-methoxbenzyl] can be prepared by reacting an amine of Formula 1-1 witha compound of Formula 1-2 using standard methods of carbamate formationwell known to those skilled in the art [for example, in the presence ofphosgene, triphosgene, or a suitably activated carbonate reagent such asbis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate or N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate].Amines of Formula 1-1 may be obtained commercially, synthesized bymethods described herein, or made by other methods well known to thoseskilled in the art. Carbamate formation may be accomplished in thepresence of a base (such as triethylamine or hunigs base). A compound ofFormula 1-4 may be obtained by deprotecting the compounds of Formula1-3, using appropriate conditions depending on the selection of the Pg¹group. For example, where Pg¹ is TBDMS, treatment with an acid such astrifluoroacetic acid in aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane may beemployed. The compound of Formula 1-4 (which is a compound of Formula Iwherein R⁷ is H) may optionally be converted to a compound of Formula Iwherein R⁷ is other than H. For example, an alkylation reaction of thecompound of Formula 1-4 with a halide compound (alkyl halide orcycloalkyl halide) can provide a compound of Formula I wherein R⁷ isC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl. As another example, reaction of the alcoholof Formula 1-4 with diphosphoryl tetrachloride in a suitable solventsuch as acetonitrile affords compounds of Formula I where R⁷ is—P(═O)(OH)₂ or a salt thereof. For yet another example, reaction of thealcohol of Formula 1-4 with a sulfating agent [e.g. SO₃, sulfamic acidH₂N—S(═O)₂(OH), chlorosulfonic acid HO—S(═O)₂(Cl)] under suitableconditions can afford a compound of Formula I wherein R⁷ is —S(═O)₂(OH)or a salt thereof.

Scheme 2 refers to synthesis of compounds of Formula I-a. An amine ofFormula 1-1 may be reacted with a compound of Formula 2-2 [where Pg¹ isa suitable alcohol protecting group, such as TBDMS or p-methoxybenzyl],using methods analogous to those described in Scheme 1, to form acarbamate of Formula 2-3. The compound of Formula 2-3 may be deprotectedusing appropriate conditions depending of the selection of Pg¹ to give acompound of Formula 2-4. Similar to the discussions in Scheme 1, thecompound of Formula 2-4 (which is a compound of Formula I-a wherein R⁷is H) may optionally be converted to a compound of Formula I-a whereinR⁷ is other than H.

Scheme 3 refers to the preparation of compounds of Formula 3-4 [whereinPg¹ is an alcohol protecting group such TBDMS or p-methoxbenzyl], whichcan be used as a compound of Formula 1-2 in Scheme 1 [wherein r is 1;and both R⁵ and R⁶ are H]. Referring to Scheme 3, a compound of Formula3-3 may be prepared by treatment of compound 3-1 with a base (such asn-butyllithium) followed by addition to formaldehyde 3-2 (or itsequivalent such as paraformaldehyde) in the presence of a reducing agentsuch as sodium borohydride. Protection of the alcohol moiety in thecompound of Formula 3-3 may be achieved by methods known to thoseskilled in the art. For example, where the Pg¹ is TBDMS, the protectioncan be achieved by treatment of the compound of Formula 3-3 with anactivated silyl reagent [such as tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl chloride] inthe presence of a base (such as 1H-imidazole) in a suitable non-proticsolvent (such as THF or DMF) at a suitable temperature (e.g., ambienttemperature).

Scheme 4 refers to a synthesis of compounds of Formula 4-3 [wherein Pg²is an alcohol protecting group such p-methoxbenzyl], which can be usedas a compound of Formula 1-2 in Scheme 1 [wherein r is 0]. Referring toScheme 4, reaction of an epoxide of Formula 4-1 with an alcohol ofFormula 4-2, in the presence of a base [e.g., NaN(TMS)₂) in a innon-protic solvent (e.g., THF or DMF), affords a compound of Formula4-3.

Scheme 4A refers to a synthesis of a compound of Formula 4A-5 or a saltthereof [i.e., a compound of Formula I-a or salt thereof, wherein R⁷ is—P(═O)(OH)₂]. Referring to Scheme 4A, reaction of an epoxide of Formula4A-1 with a phosphorus compound of Formula 4A-2 [wherein each of Pg^(2A)is a hydroxyl protecting group such as benzyl], optionally in thepresence of a base [e.g., NaN(TMS)₂] in a in non-protic solvent (e.g.,THF or DMF), affords a compound of Formula 4A-3. Similar to thecarbamate formation reaction described in Schemes 1 and 2, reaction ofthe compound of Formula 4A-3 and an amine of Formula 1-1 affords acompound of Formula 4A-4. Depending on the choice of the Pg^(2A) groups,removal of the protecting Pg^(2A) groups under suitable conditions willafford a compound of Formula 4A-5 or a salt thereof.

Scheme 5 refers to the preparation of amines of Formula 5-8 (wherein R³¹is aryl or heteroaryl that are optionally substituted), which can beused as a specific type of amine of Formula 1-1 for the preparation ofcompounds of Formula I or I-a in Schemes 1 and 2. The Weinreb amide ofFormula 5-2 [where Pg³ is an amine protecting group such astert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC)] can be prepared by couplingN-methoxymethanamine with a carboxylic acid of Formula 5-1 using asuitable coupling agent [e.g., O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU)]. Addition of a Grignardreagent (e.g., methylmagnesium bromide) to the Weinreb amide of Formula5-2 results in a ketone of Formula 5-3. Treatment of the ketone ofFormula 5-3 with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal at elevatedtemperatures results in an enamine of Formula 5-4. Subsequent treatmentwith hydrazine (or its equivalent) in a protic solvent such as ethanolaffords a pyrazole of Formula 5-5. A compound of Formula 5-7 can beobtained by reacting the pyrazole of Formula 5-5 with a (hetero)arylboronic acid of Formula 5-6 in the presence of a catalyst (such ascopper acetate) and a base (e.g., pyridine) in a suitable solvent (suchas dichloromethane). Alternatively, the pyrazole of Formula 5-5 can betransformed into the compound of Formula 5-7 by palladium-catalyzedcoupling with a suitable (hetero)aryl halide of Formula 5-9 wherein X isa suitable halide such are Cl, Br or I. Coupling can be achieved byreaction of the pyrazole of Formula 5-5 and (hetero)aryl halide ofFormula 5-9 in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)[Pd(dppf)Cl₂] together with a base such as potassium acetate at anelevated temperature in a non-protic solvent such as toluene. A compoundof Formula 5-8 can be prepared by removal of the protecting group Pg³.For example, wherein the Pg³ is tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), cleavage canbe achieved under acidic conditions by treatment with, for example,trifluoroacetic acid.

Scheme 6 refers to a synthesis of a spiromorpholine of Formula 6-6(wherein Pg⁴ is a suitable amine protecting group such as BOC), whichcan be used as a starting material in Scheme 7. Referring to Scheme 6,reaction of a suitably protected piperidine of Formula 6-1 withnitromethane in the presence of a mild base such as triethylamineaffords a compound of Formula 6-2. Reduction of the nitro moiety of thecompound of Formula 6-2 to obtain an aminoalcohol of Formula 6-3 can beachieved by using methods such as palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation, forexample utilizing 10% palladium on carbon in an alcoholic solvent underan atmosphere of hydrogen. Acetylation of the compound of Formula 6-3can be achieved by treatment with chloroacetyl chloride in the presenceof a suitable base such as potassium carbonate. Ring closure of thechloride compound of Formula 6-4 can be achieved by treatment with asuitable base (e.g., potassium tert-butoxide) in a non-protic solvent(e.g., THF) under reflux conditions to furnish a compound of Formula6-5. A spiromorpholine compound of Formula 6-6 may be obtained byreduction of the amide functionality in the compound of Formula 6-5using a suitable reducing agent (e.g. borane-dimethyl sulfide complex inTHF).

Scheme 7 refers to the synthesis of compounds of Formula 7-4, 7-7, 7-10,or 7-13 from an amine of Formula 6-6. A compound of Formula 7-3 [whereinR⁷⁰ can be, for example, R¹, R¹², R¹³, or R¹⁴] can be prepared byreacting the amine of Formula 6-6 with an aldehyde of Formula 7-2 usingreductive amination conditions well known to those skilled in the art.For example, treatment with titanium(IV) isopropoxide and a reducingagent such as sodium borohydride can be employed. Reaction of an amineof Formula 6-6 with sulfonyl chlorides of Formula 7-5 [wherein R⁷⁰ canbe, for example, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, or R¹⁴] in the presence of a suitablebase (such as pyridine or sodium bicarbonate) results in a sulfonamideof Formula 7-6. An amine 6-6 can be treated with a suitably activatedcompound of Formula 7-8 (wherein Lg¹ is a leaving group such as Cl) togive a compound of Formula 7-9 [wherein R⁷¹ can be, for example, R²³;and R⁷² can be, for example, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, —(CR²¹R²²)—R¹¹,—(CR²¹R²²)—R¹², (CR²¹R²²)_(p)—R¹³, or —(CR²¹R²²)_(p)—R¹⁴; or R⁷¹ andR⁷², together with the N atom to which they are attached, form 4- to14-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with R⁸ and one ormore independently selected R⁹]. A compound of Formula 7-12 [wherein R⁷³can be, for example, R¹¹ or R¹²] can be prepared by metal-catalyzedcoupling of compounds of Formula 6-6 with a compound of Formula 7-11(wherein X is a halogen atom such as Cl or Br). A compound of Formula7-3, 7-6, 7-9, or 7-12 can be converted to a compound of Formula 7-4,7-7, 7-10, or 7-13, respectively, by appropriate deprotection. Forexample, when Pg⁴ is BOC, the deprotection can be achieved by treatmentwith an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid. A compound of Formula 7-4,7-7, 7-10, or 7-13 can each be used as starting material [as a specificamine of Formula 1-1] for synthesis of compounds of Formula I (e.g.,Formula I-a or I-b) as described in Schemes 1 and 2.

Scheme 8 refers to a synthesis of compounds of Formula 8-6 [where eacht2a is independently 0 or 1; and R^(8A) can be, for example, R¹¹, R¹²,R¹³, or R¹⁴]. A compound of Formula 8-3 can be prepared by treatment ofthe aminoalcohol of Formula 8-1 (which can be prepared using the methodas described in Scheme 6 for the aminoalcohol of Formula 6-3) with asulfonyl chloride of Formula 8-2 in the presence of a suitable base(e.g., pyridine). Reaction of the compound of Formula 8-3 with acompound of Formula 8-4 (wherein each X is independently a suitableleaving group such as Br or Cl), in the presence of a base such aspotassium carbonate in a polar aprotic solvent such as DMF, results in acompound of Formula 8-5. Removal of the protecting group results in acompound of Formula 8-6, which can be used as starting material [as aspecific amine of Formula 1-1] in Schemes 1 and 2 for the preparation ofcompounds of Formula I (including compounds of Formula I-a or I-b).

Scheme 9 refers to a preparation of compounds of Formula 9-3 [whereR^(8A) can be, for example, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, or R¹⁴]. A compound offormula 9-1 [where Pg⁴ is an amine protecting group (e.g., BOC)] can beobtained commercially or be readily synthesized by methods well known tothose skilled in the art. A compound of Formula 9-2 can be obtained byreaction of a compound of Formula 9-1 with sulfonyl chlorides of Formula8-2 in a suitable solvent (e.g., dichloromethane) in the presence of asuitable base (e.g., sodium bicarbonate). Deprotection of compounds ofFormula 9-2 using appropriate conditions well known to those skilled inthe art provides a compound of Formula 9-3. The compound of Formula 9-3can be used as starting material [as a specific amine of Formula 1-1] inSchemes 1 and 2 for the preparation of compounds of Formula I (includingcompounds of Formula I-a or I-b).

Additional starting materials and intermediates useful for making thecompounds of the present invention can be obtained from chemical vendorssuch as Sigma-Aldrich or can be made according to methods described inthe chemical art.

Those skilled in the art can recognize that in all of the schemesdescribed herein, if there are functional (reactive) groups present on apart of the compound structure such as a substituent group, for exampleR¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, etc., further modification can be made ifappropriate and/or desired, using methods well known to those skilled inthe art. For example, a —CN group can be hydrolyzed to afford an amidegroup; a carboxylic acid can be converted to an amide; a carboxylic acidcan be converted to an ester, which in turn can be reduced to analcohol, which in turn can be further modified. For another example, anOH group can be converted into a better leaving group such as amethanesulfonate, which in turn is suitable for nucleophilicsubstitution, such as by a cyanide ion (CN⁻). For another example, an—S— can be oxidized to —S(═O)— and/or —S(═O)₂—. For yet another example,an unsaturated bond such as C═C or C—C can be reduced to a saturatedbond by hydrogenation. One skilled in the art will recognize furthersuch modifications. Thus, a compound of Formula I having a substituentthat contains a functional group can be converted to another compound ofFormula I having a different substituent group.

Similarly, those skilled in the art can also recognize that in all ofthe schemes described herein, if there are functional (reactive) groupspresent on a substituent group such as R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, etc.,these functional groups can be protected/deprotected in the course ofthe synthetic scheme described here, if appropriate and/or desired. Forexample, an OH group can be protected by a benzyl, methyl, or acetylgroup, which can be deprotected and converted back to the OH group in alater stage of the synthetic process. For another example, an NH₂ groupcan be protected by a benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) or BOC group; conversionback to the NH₂ group can be carried out at a later stage of thesynthetic process via deprotection.

As used herein, the term “reacting” (or “reaction” or “reacted”) refersto the bringing together of designated chemical reactants such that achemical transformation takes place generating a compound different fromany initially introduced into the system. Reactions can take place inthe presence or absence of solvent.

Compounds of Formula I may exist as stereoisomers, such as atropisomers,racemates, enantiomers, or diastereomers. Conventional techniques forthe preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiralsynthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of theracemate using, for example, chiral high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC). Alternatively, the racemate (or a racemicprecursor) may be reacted with a suitable optically active compound, forexample, an alcohol, or, in the case where the compound contains anacidic or basic moiety, an acid or base such as tartaric acid or1-phenylethylamine. The resulting diastereomeric mixture may beseparated by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization and one orboth of the diastereoisomers converted to the corresponding pureenantiomer(s) by means well known to one skilled in the art. Chiralcompounds of Formula I (and chiral precursors thereof) may be obtainedin enantiomerically enriched form using chromatography, typically HPLC,on an asymmetric resin with a mobile phase consisting of a hydrocarbon,typically heptane or hexane, containing from 0% to 50% 2-propanol,typically from 2% to 20%, and from 0% to 5% of an alkylamine, typically0.1% diethylamine. Concentration of the eluate affords the enrichedmixture. Stereoisomeric conglomerates may be separated by conventionaltechniques known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Stereochemistryof Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen (Wiley, New York,1994), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety. Suitable stereoselective techniques are well known tothose of ordinary skill in the art.

Where a compound of Formula I contains an alkenyl or alkenylene(alkylidene) group, geometric cis/trans (or Z/E) isomers are possible.Cis/trans isomers may be separated by conventional techniques well knownto those skilled in the art, for example, chromatography and fractionalcrystallization. Salts of the present invention can be preparedaccording to methods known to those of skill in the art.

The compounds of Formula I that are basic in nature are capable offorming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organicacids. Although such salts must be pharmaceutically acceptable foradministration to animals, it is often desirable in practice toinitially isolate the compound of the present invention from thereaction mixture as a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt and then simplyconvert the latter back to the free base compound by treatment with analkaline reagent and subsequently convert the latter free base to apharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. The acid addition saltsof the basic compounds of this invention can be prepared by treating thebasic compound with a substantially equivalent amount of the selectedmineral or organic acid in an aqueous solvent medium or in a suitableorganic solvent, such as methanol or ethanol. Upon evaporation of thesolvent, the desired solid salt is obtained. The desired acid salt canalso be precipitated from a solution of the free base in an organicsolvent by adding an appropriate mineral or organic acid to thesolution.

If the inventive compound is a base, the desired pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in theart, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid,such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid and the like, or with an organic acid, such as aceticacid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonicacid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid,isonicotinic acid, lactic acid, pantothenic acid, bitartric acid,ascorbic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gluconic acid, saccharic acid,formic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonicacid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and pamoic [i.e.,4,4′-methanediylbis(3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid)] acid, apyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, analpha-hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, an amino acid,such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, an aromatic acid, such asbenzoic acid or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid, such as ethanesulfonicacid, or the like.

Those compounds of Formula I that are acidic in nature are capable offorming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.Examples of such salts include the alkali metal or alkaline earth metalsalts, and particularly the sodium and potassium salts. These salts areall prepared by conventional techniques. The chemical bases which areused as reagents to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable base saltsof this invention are those which form non-toxic base salts with theacidic compounds of Formula I. These salts may be prepared by anysuitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with aninorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary ortertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide,or the like. These salts can also be prepared by treating thecorresponding acidic compounds with an aqueous solution containing thedesired pharmacologically acceptable cations, and then evaporating theresulting solution to dryness, for example under reduced pressure.Alternatively, they may also be prepared by mixing lower alkanolicsolutions of the acidic compounds and the desired alkali metal alkoxidetogether, and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness in thesame manner as before. In either case, stoichiometric quantities ofreagents are, for example, employed in order to ensure completeness ofreaction and maximum yields of the desired final product.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula I (includingcompounds of Formula I-a or I-b) may be prepared by, e.g., one or moreof three methods:

(i) by reacting the compound of Formula I with the desired acid or base;

(ii) by removing an acid- or base-labile protecting group from asuitable precursor of the compound of Formula I or by ring-opening asuitable cyclic precursor, for example, a lactone or lactam, using thedesired acid or base; or

(iii) by converting one salt of the compound of Formula I to another byreaction with an appropriate acid or base or by means of a suitable ionexchange column.

All three reactions are typically carried out in solution. The resultingsalt may precipitate out and be collected by filtration or may berecovered by evaporation of the solvent. The degree of ionization in theresulting salt may vary from completely ionized to almost non-ionized.

Polymorphs can be prepared according to techniques well-known to thoseskilled in the art, for example, by crystallization.

When any racemate crystallizes, crystals of two different types arepossible. The first type is the racemic compound (true racemate)referred to above wherein one homogeneous form of crystal is producedcontaining both enantiomers in equimolar amounts. The second type is theracemic mixture or conglomerate wherein two forms of crystal areproduced in equimolar amounts each comprising a single enantiomer.

While both of the crystal forms present in a racemic mixture may havealmost identical physical properties, they may have different physicalproperties compared to the true racemate. Racemic mixtures may beseparated by conventional techniques known to those skilled in theart—see, for example, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L.Eliel and S. H. Wilen (Wiley, New York, 1994).

The invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds of Formula Iwherein one or more atoms is replaced by an atom having the same atomicnumber, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic massor mass number usually found in nature. Isotopically labeled compoundsof Formula I (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or N-oxidesthereof) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known tothose skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those describedherein, using an appropriate isotopically labeled reagent in place ofthe non-labeled reagent otherwise employed.

Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be producedby replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds ofFormula I with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as‘pro-moieties’ as described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs by H.Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).

The compounds of Formula I should be assessed for theirbiopharmaceutical properties, such as solubility and solution stability(across pH), permeability, etc., in order to select the most appropriatedosage form and route of administration for treatment of the proposedindication.

Compounds of the invention intended for pharmaceutical use may beadministered as crystalline or amorphous products. They may be obtained,for example, as solid plugs, powders, or films by methods such asprecipitation, crystallization, freeze drying, spray drying, orevaporative drying. Microwave or radio frequency drying may be used forthis purpose.

They may be administered alone or in combination with one or more othercompounds of the invention or in combination with one or more otherdrugs (or as any combination thereof). Generally, they will beadministered as a formulation in association with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The term “excipient” is usedherein to describe any ingredient other than the compound(s) of theinvention. The choice of excipient will to a large extent depend onfactors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of theexcipient on solubility and stability, and the nature of the dosageform.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the delivery of compounds ofthe present invention (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) andmethods for their preparation will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art. Such compositions and methods for their preparation may befound, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition(Mack Publishing Company, 1995).

The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof) may be administered orally. Oral administration mayinvolve swallowing, so that the compound enters the gastrointestinaltract, and/or buccal, lingual, or sublingual administration by which thecompound enters the bloodstream directly from the mouth.

Formulations suitable for oral administration include solid, semi-solidand liquid systems such as tablets; soft or hard capsules containingmulti- or nano-particulates, liquids, or powders; lozenges (includingliquid-filled); chews; gels; fast-dispersing dosage forms; films;ovules; sprays; and buccal/mucoadhesive patches.

Liquid formulations include suspensions, solutions, syrups and elixirs.Such formulations may be employed as fillers in soft or hard capsules(made, for example, from gelatin or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) andtypically comprise a carrier, for example, water, ethanol, polyethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, methyl cellulose, or a suitable oil, and oneor more emulsifying agents and/or suspending agents. Liquid formulationsmay also be prepared by the reconstitution of a solid, for example, froma sachet.

The compounds of the invention may also be used in fast-dissolving,fast-disintegrating dosage forms such as those described by Liang andChen, Expert Opinion in Therapeutic Patents 2001, 11, 981-986.

For tablet dosage forms, depending on dose, the drug may make up from 1weight % to 80 weight % of the dosage form, more typically from 5 weight% to 60 weight % of the dosage form. In addition to the drug, tabletsgenerally contain a disintegrant. Examples of disintegrants includesodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calciumcarboxymethyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone,polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose,lower alkyl-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, pregelatinizedstarch and sodium alginate. Generally, the disintegrant will comprisefrom 1 weight % to 25 weight %, for example, from 5 weight % to 20weight % of the dosage form. Binders are generally used to impartcohesive qualities to a tablet formulation. Suitable binders includemicrocrystalline cellulose, gelatin, sugars, polyethylene glycol,natural and synthetic gums, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pregelatinized starch,hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Tablets mayalso contain diluents, such as lactose (monohydrate, spray-driedmonohydrate, anhydrous and the like), mannitol, xylitol, dextrose,sucrose, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starch and dibasiccalcium phosphate dihydrate.

Tablets may also optionally comprise surface active agents, such assodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80, and glidants such as silicondioxide and talc. When present, surface active agents may comprise from0.2 weight % to 5 weight % of the tablet, and glidants may comprise from0.2 weight % to 1 weight % of the tablet.

Tablets also generally contain lubricants such as magnesium stearate,calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and mixturesof magnesium stearate with sodium lauryl sulfate. Lubricants generallycomprise from 0.25 weight % to 10 weight %, for example, from 0.5 weight% to 3 weight % of the tablet.

Other possible ingredients include anti-oxidants, colorants, flavoringagents, preservatives and taste-masking agents.

Exemplary tablets contain up to about 80% drug, from about 10 weight %to about 90 weight % binder, from about 0 weight % to about 85 weight %diluent, from about 2 weight % to about 10 weight % disintegrant, andfrom about 0.25 weight % to about 10 weight % lubricant.

Tablet blends may be compressed directly or by roller to form tablets.Tablet blends or portions of blends may alternatively be wet-, dry-, ormelt-granulated, melt-congealed, or extruded before tabletting. Thefinal formulation may comprise one or more layers and may be coated oruncoated; it may even be encapsulated.

The formulation of tablets is discussed in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Tablets, Vol. 1, by H. Lieberman and L. Lachman (Marcel Dekker, NewYork, 1980).

Consumable oral films for human or veterinary use are typically pliablewater-soluble or water-swellable thin film dosage forms which may berapidly dissolving or mucoadhesive and typically comprise a compound ofFormula I, a film-forming polymer, a binder, a solvent, a humectant, aplasticizer, a stabilizer or emulsifier, a viscosity-modifying agent anda solvent. Some components of the formulation may perform more than onefunction.

The compound of Formula I (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereofor N-oxides thereof) may be water-soluble or insoluble. A water-solublecompound typically comprises from 1 weight % to 80 weight %, moretypically from 20 weight % to 50 weight %, of the solutes. Less solublecompounds may comprise a smaller proportion of the composition,typically up to 30 weight % of the solutes. Alternatively, the compoundof Formula I may be in the form of multiparticulate beads.

The film-forming polymer may be selected from natural polysaccharides,proteins, or synthetic hydrocolloids and is typically present in therange 0.01 to 99 weight %, more typically in the range 30 to 80 weight%.

Other possible ingredients include anti-oxidants, colorants, flavoringsand flavor enhancers, preservatives, salivary stimulating agents,cooling agents, co-solvents (including oils), emollients, bulkingagents, anti-foaming agents, surfactants and taste-masking agents.

Films in accordance with the invention are typically prepared byevaporative drying of thin aqueous films coated onto a peelable backingsupport or paper. This may be done in a drying oven or tunnel, typicallya combined coater dryer, or by freeze-drying or vacuuming.

Solid formulations for oral administration may be formulated to beimmediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations includedelayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmedrelease.

Suitable modified release formulations for the purposes of the inventionare described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,864. Details of other suitablerelease technologies such as high energy dispersions and osmotic andcoated particles are to be found in Verma et al., PharmaceuticalTechnology On-line, 25(2), 1-14 (2001). The use of chewing gum toachieve controlled release is described in WO 00/35298.

The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof) may also be administered directly into the bloodstream,into muscle, or into an internal organ. Suitable means for parenteraladministration include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal,intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal,intracranial, intramuscular, intrasynovial and subcutaneous. Suitabledevices for parenteral administration include needle (includingmicroneedle) injectors, needle-free injectors and infusion techniques.

Parenteral formulations are typically aqueous solutions which maycontain excipients such as salts, carbohydrates and buffering agents(for example to a pH of from 3 to 9), but, for some applications, theymay be more suitably formulated as a sterile non-aqueous solution or asa dried form to be used in conjunction with a suitable vehicle such assterile, pyrogen-free water.

The preparation of parenteral formulations under sterile conditions, forexample, by lyophilization, may readily be accomplished using standardpharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

The solubility of compounds of Formula I (including pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof) used in the preparation of parenteralsolutions may be increased by the use of appropriate formulationtechniques, such as the incorporation of solubility-enhancing agents.

Formulations for parenteral administration may be formulated to beimmediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations includedelayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmedrelease. Thus compounds of the invention may be formulated as asuspension or as a solid, semi-solid, or thixotropic liquid foradministration as an implanted depot providing modified release of theactive compound. Examples of such formulations include drug-coatedstents and semi-solids and suspensions comprising drug-loadedpoly(DL-lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres.

The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof) may also be administered topically, (intra)dermally, ortransdermally to the skin or mucosa. Typical formulations for thispurpose include gels, hydrogels, lotions, solutions, creams, ointments,dusting powders, dressings, foams, films, skin patches, wafers,implants, sponges, fibers, bandages and microemulsions. Liposomes mayalso be used. Typical carriers include alcohol, water, mineral oil,liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, glycerin, polyethylene glycol andpropylene glycol. Penetration enhancers may be incorporated. See e.g.,Finnin and Morgan, J. Pharm. Sci. 1999, 88, 955-958.

Other means of topical administration include delivery byelectroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis andmicroneedle or needle-free (e.g., Powderject™, Bioject™, etc.)injection.

Formulations for topical administration may be formulated to beimmediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations includedelayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmedrelease.

The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof) can also be administered intranasally or by inhalation,typically in the form of a dry powder (either alone; as a mixture, forexample, in a dry blend with lactose; or as a mixed component particle,for example, mixed with phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine) froma dry powder inhaler, as an aerosol spray from a pressurized container,pump, spray, atomizer (for example an atomizer usingelectrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist), or nebulizer, with orwithout the use of a suitable propellant, such as1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, or asnasal drops. For intranasal use, the powder may comprise a bioadhesiveagent, for example, chitosan or cyclodextrin.

The pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer, or nebulizer containsa solution or suspension of the compound(s) of the invention comprising,for example, ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or a suitable alternative agentfor dispersing, solubilizing, or extending release of the active, apropellant(s) as solvent and an optional surfactant, such as sorbitantrioleate, oleic acid, or an oligolactic acid.

Prior to use in a dry powder or suspension formulation, the drug productis micronized to a size suitable for delivery by inhalation (typicallyless than 5 microns). This may be achieved by any appropriatecomminuting method, such as spiral jet milling, fluid bed jet milling,supercritical fluid processing to form nanoparticles, high pressurehomogenization, or spray drying.

Capsules (made, for example, from gelatin or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), blisters and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflatormay be formulated to contain a powder mix of the compound of theinvention, a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch and aperformance modifier such as L-leucine, mannitol, or magnesium stearate.The lactose may be anhydrous or in the form of the monohydrate. Othersuitable excipients include dextran, glucose, maltose, sorbitol,xylitol, fructose, sucrose and trehalose.

A suitable solution formulation for use in an atomizer usingelectrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist may contain from 1 μg to 20mg of the compound of the invention per actuation and the actuationvolume may vary from 1 μL to 100 μL. A typical formulation may comprisea compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,propylene glycol, sterile water, ethanol and sodium chloride.Alternative solvents which may be used instead of propylene glycolinclude glycerol and polyethylene glycol.

Suitable flavors, such as menthol and levomenthol, or sweeteners, suchas saccharin or saccharin sodium, may be added to those formulations ofthe invention intended for inhaled/intranasal administration.

Formulations for inhaled/intranasal administration may be formulated tobe immediate and/or modified release using, for example, PGLA. Modifiedrelease formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-,targeted and programmed release.

In the case of dry powder inhalers and aerosols, the dosage unit isdetermined by means of a valve which delivers a metered amount. Units inaccordance with the invention are typically arranged to administer ametered dose or “puff” containing from 0.01 to 100 mg of the compound ofFormula I. The overall daily dose will typically be in the range 1 μg to200 mg, which may be administered in a single dose or, more usually, asdivided doses throughout the day.

The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof) may be administered rectally or vaginally, for example,in the form of a suppository, pessary, or enema. Cocoa butter is atraditional suppository base, but various alternatives may be used asappropriate.

Formulations for rectal/vaginal administration may be formulated to beimmediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations includedelayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmedrelease.

The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof) may also be administered directly to the eye or ear,typically in the form of drops of a micronized suspension or solution inisotonic, pH-adjusted, sterile saline. Other formulations suitable forocular and aural administration include ointments, gels, biodegradable(e.g., absorbable gel sponges, collagen) and non-biodegradable (e.g.,silicone) implants, wafers, lenses and particulate or vesicular systems,such as niosomes or liposomes. A polymer such as crossed-linkedpolyacrylic acid, polyvinylalcohol, hyaluronic acid, a cellulosicpolymer, for example, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, or methyl cellulose, or a heteropolysaccharide polymer, forexample, gelan gum, may be incorporated together with a preservative,such as benzalkonium chloride. Such formulations may also be deliveredby iontophoresis.

Formulations for ocular/aural administration may be formulated to beimmediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations includedelayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted, or programmedrelease.

The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof) may be combined with soluble macromolecular entities,such as cyclodextrin and suitable derivatives thereof or polyethyleneglycol-containing polymers, in order to improve their solubility,dissolution rate, taste-masking, bioavailability and/or stability foruse in any of the aforementioned modes of administration.

Drug-cyclodextrin complexes, for example, are found to be generallyuseful for most dosage forms and administration routes. Both inclusionand non-inclusion complexes may be used. As an alternative to directcomplexation with the drug, the cyclodextrin may be used as an auxiliaryadditive, i.e., as a carrier, diluent, or solubilizer. Most commonlyused for these purposes are alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins,examples of which may be found in International Patent Applications Nos.WO 91/11172, WO 94/02518 and WO 98/55148.

Since the present invention has an aspect that relates to the treatmentof the disease/conditions described herein with a combination of activeingredients which may be administered separately, the invention alsorelates to combining separate pharmaceutical compositions in kit form.The kit comprises two separate pharmaceutical compositions: a compoundof Formula I, a prodrug thereof, or a salt of such compound or prodrug;and a second compound as described above. The kit comprises means forcontaining the separate compositions such as a container, a dividedbottle or a divided foil packet. Typically the kit comprises directionsfor the administration of the separate components. The kit form isparticularly advantageous when the separate components are for exampleadministered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral and parenteral), areadministered at different dosage intervals, or when titration of theindividual components of the combination is desired by the prescribingphysician.

An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack. Blister packs arewell known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for thepackaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, andthe like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relativelystiff material covered with a foil of a transparent plastic material.During the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil.The recesses have the size and shape of the tablets or capsules to bepacked. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and thesheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil atthe face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which therecesses were formed. As a result, the tablets or capsules are sealed inthe recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet. In someembodiments, the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets orcapsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applyingpressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet atthe place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed viasaid opening.

It may be desirable to provide a memory aid on the kit, e.g., in theform of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numberscorrespond with the days of the regimen on which the tablets or capsulesso specified should be ingested. Another example of such a memory aid isa calendar printed on the card, e.g., as follows “First Week, Monday,Tuesday, etc. . . . Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . ” etc. Othervariations of memory aids will be readily apparent. A “daily dose” canbe a single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be takenon a given day. Also, a daily dose of Formula I compound can consist ofone tablet or capsule while a daily dose of the second compound canconsist of several tablets or capsules and vice versa. The memory aidshould reflect this.

In another specific embodiment of the invention, a dispenser designed todispense the daily doses one at a time in the order of their intendeduse is provided. For example, the dispenser is equipped with a memoryaid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen. An exampleof such a memory aid is a mechanical counter which indicates the numberof daily doses that has been dispensed. Another example of such a memoryaid is a battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystalreadout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out thedate that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when thenext dose is to be taken.

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specificexamples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes,and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those ofskill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-criticalparameters that can be changed or modified to yield essentially the sameresults. Additional compounds within the scope of this invention may beprepared using the methods illustrated in these Examples, either aloneor in combination with techniques generally known in the art. In thefollowing Examples and Preparations, “DMSO” means dimethyl sulfoxide,“N” where referring to concentration means Normal, “M” means molar, “mL”means milliliter, “mmol” means millimoles, “pmol” means micromoles,“eq.” means equivalent, “° C.” means degrees Celsius, “MHz” meansmegahertz, “HPLC” means high-performance liquid chromatography.

EXAMPLES

The following illustrate the synthesis of various compounds of thepresent invention. Additional compounds within the scope of thisinvention may be prepared using the methods illustrated in theseExamples, either alone or in combination with techniques generally knownin the art.

Experiments were generally carried out under inert atmosphere (nitrogenor argon), particularly in cases where oxygen- or moisture-sensitivereagents or intermediates were employed. Commercial solvents andreagents were generally used without further purification. Anhydroussolvents were employed where appropriate, generally AcroSeal® productsfrom Acros Organics or DriSolv products from EMD Chemicals. In othercases, commercial solvents were passed through columns packed with 4 Åmolecular sieves, until the following QC standards for water wereattained: a) <100 ppm for dichloromethane, toluene,N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran; b) <180 ppm for methanol,ethanol, 1,4-dioxane and diisopropylamine. For very sensitive reactions,solvents were further treated with metallic sodium, calcium hydride ormolecular sieves, and distilled just prior to use. Products weregenerally dried under vacuum before being carried on to furtherreactions or submitted for biological testing. Mass spectrometry data isreported from either liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS),atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) instrumentation. Chemical shiftsfor nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data are expressed in parts permillion (ppm, 6) referenced to residual peaks from the deuteratedsolvents employed. In some examples, chiral separations were carried outto separate enantiomers or diastereomers of certain compounds of theinvention (in some examples, the separated enantiomers are designated asENT-1 and ENT-2, or the separated diastereomers are designated asDIAST-1 and DIAST-2, according to their order of elution). In someexamples, the optical rotation of an enantiomer was measured using apolarimeter. According to its observed rotation data (or its specificrotation data), an enantiomer with a clockwise rotation was designatedas the (+)-enantiomer and an enantiomer with a counter-clockwiserotation was designated as the (−)-enantiomer. Racemic compounds areindicated by the presence of (+/−) adjacent to the structure; in thesecases, indicated stereochemistry represents the relative (rather thanabsolute) configuration of the compound's substituents.

Reactions proceeding through detectable intermediates were generallyfollowed by LCMS, and allowed to proceed to full conversion prior toaddition of subsequent reagents. For syntheses referencing procedures inother Examples or Methods, reaction conditions (reaction time andtemperature) may vary. In general, reactions were followed by thin-layerchromatography or mass spectrometry, and subjected to work-up whenappropriate. Purifications may vary between experiments: in general,solvents and the solvent ratios used for eluents/gradients were chosento provide appropriate R_(f)s or retention times.

For clarity purposes, the stereochemistry of the substituents on the3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl skeleton in Examples and intermediates hereinis indicated by using Chemical Abstracts nomenclature. Thestereochemistry of the other compounds in the Examples and intermediatesherein is indicated by using IUPAC nomenclature.

Abbreviations

BOC—tert-butoxycarbonyl

HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography

NADP—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

PMB—para-methoxybenzyl (or 4-methoxybenzyl)

p-TsOH—para-toluenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

psi—pounds per square inch

Example 1 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[I-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(1)

Step 1. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-ol (C1)

(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol (98%, 1.14 mL, 8.96 mmol) was slowly added toa 0° C. solution of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in tetrahydrofuran(1.0 M, 8.9 mL, 8.9 mmol) in a microwave vial. After the reactionmixture had stirred at 0° C. for 45 minutes,(2R)-2-(trifluoromethyl)oxirane (500 mg, 4.46 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(2 mL) was added via syringe, and the vial was sealed and heated at 100°C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to roomtemperature and diluted with water; the mixture was extracted twice withtert-butyl methyl ether and the combined organic layers were washed withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification via chromatography onsilica gel (Gradient: 0% to 60% ethyl acetate in heptane) afforded theproduct as a pale yellow oil. Yield: 1.09 g, 4.36 mmol, 98%. GCMS m/z250.1 [M⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d,J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.36 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 4.21-4.09 (m, 1H),3.74 (s, 3H), 3.58 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.6, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.48(dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 2. Synthesis of pentafluorophenyl(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl carbonate (C2)

Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (1.33 g, 3.37 mmol) was added to a 0°C. solution of C1 (929 mg, 3.71 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL).Triethylamine (1.71 g, 16.9 mmol) was added in a drop-wise manner, andthe reaction was warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 2 hours. The resultingsolution of C2 was used directly in Step 11. For subsequent synthesesdescribed herein that utilize C2, this material was generated at theappropriate scale, and the reaction solution of C2 was used directly inthe coupling reaction.

Step 3. Synthesis of tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[methoxy(methyl)carbamoyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C3)

1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (10.1 g,52.7 mmol) and 1H-benzotriazol-1-ol (7.13 g, 52.8 mmol) were added to a0° C. solution of(1α,5α,6α)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-6-carboxylicacid (8.00 g, 35 mmol) in dichloromethane (80 mL), and the reactionmixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. A solution ofN-methoxymethanamine hydrochloride (6.87 g, 70.4 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (13.6 g, 105 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL)was then added drop-wise over a period of 10 minutes, and the reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature (25° C.) for 2 hours. Afteraddition of water (100 mL), the mixture was extracted withdichloromethane (3×100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washedwith water (50 mL) and with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution(50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuoto provide the product as a light yellow oil. Yield: 9.46 g, 35.0 mmol,100%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.64 (d, half of ABquartet, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.0 Hz, 1H),3.49-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.91 (br s,1H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Step 4. Synthesis of tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-acetyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate (C4)

Methylmagnesium bromide (3.0 M solution in tetrahydrofuran; 23.3 mL,69.9 mmol) was added in a drop-wise manner to a 0° C. solution of C3(9.46 g, 35.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature (25° C.) for 1 hour, whereupon it wasquenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (200 mL) andextracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic layerswere washed sequentially with water (100 mL) and with saturated aqueoussodium chloride solution (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo to provide the product as a red solid. Yield:7.82 g, 34.7 mmol, 99%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.62 (d, half of ABquartet, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.3 Hz, 1H),3.41-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.05-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.77 (dd, J=3.0, 2.9Hz, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H).

Step 5. Synthesis of tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[(2E)-3-(dimethylamino)prop-2-enoyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C5)

To a solution of C4 (7.82 g, 34.7 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL)was added N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (12.4 g, 104 mmol), andthe reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 16 hours. It was thencooled, treated with water (100 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate(3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed sequentially withwater (3×100 mL) and with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (90mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure to afford the product as a red solid. Yield: 9.20 g, 32.8 mmol,94%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.51 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=12.7Hz, 1H), 3.63 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (d, half ofAB quartet, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.15-2.93 (br s, 3H),2.93-2.70 (br s, 3H), 2.10-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.60 (dd, J=2.9, 2.9 Hz, 1H),1.42 (s, 9H).

Step 6. Synthesis of tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-(H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C6)

Hydrazine hydrate (1.97 g, 39.4 mmol) was added to a solution of C5(9.20 g, 32.8 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 80° C. for 16 hours. After concentration in vacuo, theresidue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (Eluents: 9%, then17%, then 50% ethyl acetate in diethyl ether) to afford the product as awhite solid. Yield: 7.00 g, 28.1 mmol, 86%. LCMS m/z 193.8[(M-2-methylprop-1-ene)+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.47 (d, J=2.0Hz, 1H), 6.01 (br d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (d,J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.41 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.80 (dd, J=3.4,3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 7. Synthesis of tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C7)

A mixture of C6 (500 mg, 2.01 mmol), 5-bromo-2-fluoropyridine (529 mg,3.01 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1.96 g, 6.02 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) was stirred in a microwave reactor at 160°C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then combined with two similarreactions carried out on C6 (500 mg, 2.01 mmol, and 350 mg, 1.40 mmol),diluted with water (100 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL);the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. Purification via silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 1.25 g, 3.08 mmol, 57%. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.41 (dd, J=2.4, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.87(dd, half of ABX pattern, J=8.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (dd, half of ABXpattern, J=8.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (d, J=11.0 Hz,1H), 3.72 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.85(dd, J=3.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step 8. Synthesis of tert-butyl (1α,5α,6α)-6-{1-[5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl}-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C8)

To a suspension of C7 (1.00 g, 2.47 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) were added4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (940 mg, 3.70mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (181mg, 0.247 mmol), and potassium acetate (726 mg, 7.40 mmol), and themixture was degassed with nitrogen for 5 minutes. The reaction mixturewas stirred for 18 hours at 120° C., whereupon it was concentrated invacuo and purified by chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 20%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to afford the product as a whitesolid. Yield: 1.02 g, 2.25 mmol, 91%. LCMS m/z 453.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.73-8.69 (m, 1H), 8.48 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd,J=8.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H),3.81 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 3.53-3.42 (m, 2H),2.01-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.87 (dd, J=3.3, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.37 (s,12H).

Step 9. Synthesis of tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C9)

To a 0° C. mixture of C8 (1.02 g, 2.25 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran andwater (1:1 mixture, 80 mL) was added aqueous sodium hydroxide solution(6 M, 1 mL, 6 mmol), followed by hydrogen peroxide (30% solution inwater, 0.77 g, 6.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to25° C., and was stirred for 12 hours, whereupon it was quenched withaqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, acidified to pH 6 with aqueoushydrochloric acid, and extracted with dichloromethane (3×30 mL). Thecombined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure andpurified via chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 10% methanolin dichloromethane) to provide the product as a white solid. Yield: 742mg, 2.17 mmol, 96%. LCMS m/z 343.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ8.26 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J=2.9, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.8,0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.69(d, J=10.9 Hz, 2H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.75 (dd,J=3.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step 10. Synthesis of6-{3-[(1α,5α,6α)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6-yl]-1H-pyrazol-1-yl}pyridin-3-ol,tris(trifluoroacetic acid) salt (C10)

A solution of C9 (742 mg, 2.17 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) wascooled in an ice bath, and then treated with trifluoroacetic acid (3mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 25° C.,whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo, affording the product (1.27 g)as a yellow gum. LCMS m/z 243.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 11. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C11)

Triethylamine (1.10 g, 10.9 mmol) was slowly added to a 0° C. solutionof C10 (from the previous step, 1.27 g, ≤2.17 mmol) in acetonitrile (20mL), whereupon the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. Compound C2 [fromstep 2, as the crude reaction mixture in acetonitrile (30 mL); ˜1.6 g,3.4 mmol] was added to the 0° C. reaction mixture, which was thenstirred at 28° C. for 18 hours. It was then cooled in an ice-water bathand slowly treated with a second batch of C2 (˜0.74 g, 1.6 mmol). Afterstirring for 18 hours at 25° C., the reaction mixture was concentratedin vacuo; the residue was purified via chromatography on silica gel(Gradient: 0% to 30% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to provide theproduct as a white solid. By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be amixture of rotamers. Yield: 430 mg, 0.83 mmol, 38% over two steps. LCMSm/z 519.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.29-8.25 (m, 1H), 7.93 (d,J=2.9 Hz, 1H), [7.69 (d, J=8.8 Hz) and 7.68 (d, J=8.9 Hz), total 1H],7.32 (dd, J=8.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.95-6.88 (m, 2H),[6.24 (d, J=2.5 Hz) and 6.20 (d, J=2.5 Hz), total 1H], 5.53-5.40 (m,1H), [4.56 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.4 Hz) and 4.54 (d, half of ABquartet, J=11.5 Hz), total 1H], 4.46 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.5 Hz,1H), 3.84-3.68 (m, 4H), [3.79 (s) and 3.73 (s), total 3H], 3.60-3.53 (m,2H), 2.07-1.99 (m, 2H), [1.77 (dd, J=3.5, 3.4 Hz) and 1.74 (dd, J=3.5,3.3 Hz), total 1H].

Step 12. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C12)

To a 0° C. solution of C11 (90.0 mg, 0.174 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) were added potassium carbonate (36 mg, 0.26mmol) and iodomethane (25.9 mg, 0.182 mmol). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 28° C. for 2 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuoand purified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 30% ethylacetate in petroleum ether) to afford the product as a colorless gum. By¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 86mg, 0.16 mmol, 92%. LCMS m/z 533.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.33 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H),7.32 (dd, J=9.0, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.86 (m, 2H),[6.14 (d, J=2.3 Hz) and 6.13 (d, J=2.4 Hz), total 1H], 5.54-5.43 (m,1H), [4.57 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.7 Hz) and 4.56 (d, half of ABquartet, J=11.7 Hz), total 1H], 4.48 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.7 Hz,1H), 3.92-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.87 (s, 3H), [3.81 (s) and 3.78 (s), total 3H],3.64-3.53 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.82 (m, 1H).

Step 13. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(1)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was slowly added to a 0° C. solution of C12(114 mg, 0.214 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 26° C. for 30 minutes, whereupon it was cooled in an ice bathand slowly treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution(20 mL). The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL), andthe combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. Preparative thin layer chromatography onsilica gel (Eluent: 1:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate) provided theproduct as a white solid. By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be amixture of rotamers. Yield: 65 mg, 0.16 mmol, 75%. LCMS m/z 413.1[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.32 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=2.9Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=9.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), [6.26 (d,J=2.6 Hz) and 6.25 (d, J=2.8 Hz), total 1H], 5.34-5.24 (m, 1H),3.94-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.57 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.02 (m, 2H),[1.86 (dd, J=3.6, 3.5 Hz) and 1.79 (dd, J=3.5, 3.4 Hz), total 1H].

Example 2 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (2)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (C13)

To a 0° C. mixture of 4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)piperidine, dihydrochloridesalt (11.3 g, 50.4 mmol) and triethylamine (20.4 g, 202 mmol) indichloromethane (250 mL) was slowly added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate(11.0 g, 50.4 mmol), and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir atroom temperature overnight. It was then concentrated under reducedpressure and purified using silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 17% to80% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether), providing the product as a lightyellow gum. Yield: 9.50 g, 37.8 mmol, 75%. LCMS m/z 195.8[(M-2-methylprop-1-ene)+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.50 (br s, 1H),6.12 (br s, 1H), 4.30-4.03 (br s, 2H), 2.96-2.73 (m, 3H), 2.04-1.86 (m,2H), 1.73-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-[I-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (C14)

To a mixture of C13 (700 mg, 2.78 mmol), (4-fluorophenyl)boronic acid(429 mg, 3.07 mmol), and 4 Å molecular sieves (1.0 g) in drydichloromethane (40 mL) were added pyridine (441 mg, 5.58 mmol) andcopper(II) acetate (759 mg, 4.18 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirredfor 48 hours at room temperature, while open to the air, and was thenfiltered. The filtrate was poured into water and extracted withdichloromethane (3×50 mL); the combined organic layers were washedsequentially with water (100 mL) and with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification via chromatography on silica gel(Eluent: 25% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded the product as awhite solid. Yield: 700 mg, 2.0 mmol, 72%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ8.05 (br d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.17 (m, 2H), 6.37(br d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.85 (m, 3H), 2.02-1.92(m, 2H), 1.71-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of 4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine,hydrochloride salt (C15)

A solution of hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate (4 M, 10 mL, 40 mmol)was added to a 0° C. solution of C14 (700 mg, 2.0 mmol) in ethyl acetate(10 mL). After the reaction mixture had been stirred for 1.5 hours atroom temperature (18° C.), it was concentrated in vacuo to provide theproduct as a white solid. This material was used without furtherpurification. Yield: 560 mg, assumed quantitative. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 8.13-8.10 (m, 1H), 7.77-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.19 (m, 2H),6.44-6.42 (m, 1H), 3.49 (ddd, J=13, 4, 4 Hz, 2H), 3.22-3.07 (m, 3H),2.31-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.93 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (C16)

To a 0° C. solution of bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (27.2 mg, 91.6μmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added C1 (69.4 mg, 0.277 mmol),followed by N,N-diisopropylethylamine (36 mg, 0.28 mmol) and4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (2.0 mg, 16 μmol). After the reaction mixturehad stirred at room temperature (15° C.) for 7 hours, it was cooled to0° C. and treated with a solution of C15 (100 mg, 0.408 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (72 mg, 0.56 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL).The reaction mixture was then stirred at 15° C. for 16 hours, whereuponit was diluted with dichloromethane (10 mL) and washed sequentially withwater (3×20 mL) and with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution(2×20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Eluent: 20% ethyl acetate in petroleumether) provided the product as a colorless oil, which was not pure via¹H NMR analysis. Yield: 90 mg, 560%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD),characteristic peaks: δ 8.04 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.20(br dd, J=8.8, 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.15-2.92 (m, 3H), 2.06-1.95(m, 2H), 1.75-1.61 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (2)

To a solution of C16 (50 mg, 96 μmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was addedpalladium on carbon (30 mg), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 20°C. under hydrogen (40 psi) for 6 hours. It was then filtered through apad of diatomaceous earth, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo;purification via preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel(Eluent: 25% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded the product as awhite solid. Yield: 15 mg, 37 μmol, 38%. LCMS m/z 402.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.06 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.21 (brdd, J=9.0, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dqd, J=7, 7, 4 Hz,1H), 4.29-4.16 (br m, 2H), 3.89 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.5, 4Hz, 1H), 3.79 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.4, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.19-3.0(m, 2H), 2.98 (tt, J=11.5, 4 Hz, 1H), 2.08-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.61 (brm, 2H).

Example 3 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(3)

Step 1. Synthesis of1-{[({(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl}oxy)carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (C17)

To a solution of C1 (701 mg, 2.80 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) wereadded triethylamine (850 mg, 8.40 mmol) and1,1′-[carbonylbis(oxy)]dipyrrolidine-2,5-dione (717 mg, 2.80 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours at 25° C., then used directlyin Step 4. For subsequent syntheses described herein that utilize C17,this material was generated at the appropriate scale, and the reactionsolution of C17 was used directly in the coupling reaction.

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C18)

To a 15° C. solution of C6 (4.0 g, 16 mmol) in dichloromethane (300 mL)were added (4-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (2.92 g, 20.9 mmol), copper(II)acetate (4.37 g, 24.1 mmol), pyridine (3.81 g, 48.2 mmol), and 4 Åmolecular sieves (0.5 g). The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hoursat 30° C., whereupon it was washed with aqueous ammonium hydroxidesolution (100 mL). This aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane(2×100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (150 mL), dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 25% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) provided theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 3.3 g, 9.6 mmol, 60%. LCMS m/z 287.8[(M-2-methylprop-1-ene)+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.12 (br dd, J=8.9, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.16 (d,J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d,half of AB quartet, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.90 (m,2H), 1.85 (dd, J=3.4, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane,trifluoroacetate salt (C19)

A mixture of C18 (1.0 g, 2.9 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL) wasstirred for 30 minutes at 15° C., whereupon it was concentrated invacuo. The residue was triturated with tert-butyl methyl ether (10 mL)to provide the product as a white solid, which was used directly in thefollowing step. LCMS m/z 243.9 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(C20)

To a 15° C. solution of C17 [the reaction mixture from Step 1; 52.80mmol in dichloromethane (20 mL)] was added a solution of C19 (from theprevious step, 52.9 mmol) and triethylamine (566 mg, 5.59 mmol) indichloromethane (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at18° C., whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo. Purification usingsilica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 25% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) provided the product as a gum. By ¹H NMR analysis, thiswas judged to be a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 900 mg, 1.7 mmol, 61%over two steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.74 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H),7.62-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.13 (br dd, J=8.9, 8.3 Hz, 2H),6.93-6.88 (m, 2H), [6.19 (d, J=2.4 Hz) and 6.16 (d, J=2.4 Hz), total1H], 5.53-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.54 (m, 1H), 4.48 (d, half of AB quartet,J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.73 (m, 2H), [3.82 (s) and 3.79(s), total 3H], 3.73-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.54 (m, 2H), 2.04-2.00 (m, 2H),1.87-1.82 (m, 1H).

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate(3)

Trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL) was added to a solution of C20 (890 mg, 1.7mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirredfor 4 hours at 15° C. It was then slowly poured into saturated aqueoussodium bicarbonate solution, and the resulting mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo; purificationvia chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 440 mg,1.1 mmol, 65%. LCMS m/z 399.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.74 (d,J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=8.7, 8.5 Hz, 2H),6.21-6.17 (m, 1H), 5.31-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.80 (m,3H), 3.67-3.58 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.27 (br m, 1H), 2.08-2.01 (m, 2H),1.90-1.84 (m, 1H).

Examples 4 and 5 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate[from C25, DIAST-1] (4) and (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate[from C26, DIAST-2] (5)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-{[(chloroacetyl)amino]methyl}-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (C21)

A solution of potassium carbonate (1.32 kg, 9.55 mol) in water (11 L)was added to a solution of tert-butyl4-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (1.10 kg, 4.78 mol) inethyl acetate (11 L). The mixture was cooled to 0° C., and then treatedin a drop-wise manner with chloroacetyl chloride (595 g, 5.27 mol).After completion of the addition, the reaction mixture was warmed to 25°C. and allowed to stir for 16 hours. The aqueous layer was extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×10 L), and the combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo; trituration ofthe residue with tert-butyl methyl ether (10 L) afforded the product(1040 g). The filtrate from the trituration was concentrated andtriturated with a mixture of tert-butyl methyl ether and petroleum ether(1:1; 300 mL) to provide additional product (123 g) as a white solid.Combined yield: 1.16 kg, 3.78 mol, 79%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.02(br t, J=5 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 3.88-3.70 (br m, 2H), 3.43-3.28 (br s,2H), 3.20 (br dd, J=11, 11 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 1H), 1.62-1.46 (m, 4H),1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (C22)

This reaction was carried out in two similar batches. To a solution ofC21 (540 g, 1.76 mol) in 2-propanol (20 L) was added potassiumtert-butoxide (1.98 kg, 17.6 mol) at 25° C., and the reaction mixturewas stirred at 25° C. for 16 hours. After removal of solvent in vacuo,the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (15 L) and water (20L). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 L), and thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (15 L), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated withtert-butyl methyl ether (2 L) at 25° C. for 3 hours to afford theproduct as a white solid. Combined yield from the two batches: 540 g,2.00 mmol, 57%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.78-6.59 (br m, 1H), 4.16 (s,2H), 3.96-3.74 (brs, 2H), 3.24 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (br dd, J=12, 12Hz, 2H), 1.89 (brd, J=13 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of tert-butyl1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (C23)

This reaction was carried out in 12 batches, as follows. Borane-dimethylsulfide complex (10 M in dimethyl sulfide, 75 mL, 750 mmol) was added ina drop-wise manner to a solution of C22 (50 g, 180 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (1.5 L). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux (70°C.) for 6 hours and subsequently allowed to stir at 25° C. for 10 hours.It was then quenched with methanol (500 mL), stirred for 30 minutes at25° C., and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting whitesolid was dissolved in methanol (1 L), treated withN,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (65 g, 740 mmol), and heated at reflux(70° C.) for 16 hours. The 12 reaction mixtures were combined andconcentrated in vacuo to provide a light yellow oil; this was dissolvedin dichloromethane (4 L), washed with aqueous ammonium chloride solution(4×2 L), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was triturated with petroleum ether (500mL) at 25° C. for 30 minutes to provide the product (304 g) as a whitesolid. The filtrate from the trituration was concentrated in vacuo, andthe residue was triturated with petroleum ether (200 mL) at 25° C. for36 hours, affording additional product (135 g) as a white solid.Combined yield: 439 g, 1.71 mol, 77%. LCMS m/z 257.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.85-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.14 (br dd, J=11, 11 Hz, 2H), 2.84(dd, J=4.9, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 2H), 2.02-1.84 (br m, 2H), 1.47-1.33(m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 4. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C24)

Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (998 mg, 3.51 mmol) was added to a mixture ofC23 (300 mg, 1.17 mmol) and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-carbaldehyde (160 mg,1.40 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) at 27° C., and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 27° C. for 15 hours. It was then cooled to 0° C., treatedwith sodium borohydride (88.6 mg, 2.34 mmol), and allowed to stir at 25°C. for 4 hours. Water (10 mL) was added slowly, and the resultingmixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 minutes. After combination with amixture derived from a smaller-scale reaction carried out on C23 (50 mg,0.20 mmol), this was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo;purification via chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 5%methanol in dichloromethane) provided the product as a colorless oil.Starting material C23 (200 mg) was also recovered, as a yellow gum.Yield: 106 mg, 0.299 mmol, 22% (51% based on recovered startingmaterial). LCMS m/z 355.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.96-3.88(m, 1H), 3.88-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.33 (m, 1H),3.19-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.42-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.19 (m,1H), 2.15-2.01 (m, 3H), 1.98-1.73 (m, 5H), 1.64-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s,9H), 1.44-1.34 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate,DIAST 1 (C25) and(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate,DIAST 2 (C26)

A solution of C24 (106 mg, 0.299 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) wascooled to 0° C. and treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 50 minutes, whereupon it wasconcentrated in vacuo to provide4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,bis-trifluoroacetic acid salt as a yellow oil (100 mg). This materialwas taken up in acetonitrile (5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Triethylamine(151 mg, 1.49 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was allowed tostir at 0° C. for a few minutes, whereupon C2 (reaction solution inacetonitrile, containing 0.49 mmol) was added drop-wise. The resultingsolution was stirred at 0° C. for a few minutes, and then allowed tostir at 25° C. for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C.and treated in a drop-wise manner with additional C2 (reaction solutionin acetonitrile, containing 0.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was againstirred for a few minutes at 0° C., before being allowed to stir at 25°C. for another 15 hours. It was then concentrated in vacuo, and theresidue was subjected to preparative thin layer chromatography on silicagel (Eluent: 1:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford a mixture ofdiastereomeric products (100 mg). The diastereomers were separated viasupercritical fluid chromatography (Column: Chiral TechnologiesChiralpak AD, 5 μm; Mobile phase: 1:3 ethanol/carbon dioxide). Thefirst-eluting compound was C25, obtained as a light yellow gum. Yield:50 mg, 94 μmol, 31%. LCMS m/z 531.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃),characteristic peaks: δ 7.28-7.23 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 6.89 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.53-5.44 (m, 1H), 4.51 (ABquartet, downfield doublet is broadened, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28 Hz,2H), 3.97-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.45-3.36 (m,1H), 3.28-3.16 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.27(m, 1H), 2.13-2.06 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.76 (m, 2H),1.47-1.35 (m, 2H).

The second-eluting diastereomer was C26, also obtained as a light yellowgum. Yield: 50 mg, 94 μmol, 31%. LCMS m/z 531.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ 7.28-7.22 (m, 2H, assumed; partiallyobscured by solvent peak), 6.89 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.54-5.43 (m, 1H),4.51 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=12 Hz, Δν_(AB)=26 Hz, 2H), 3.97-3.90 (m, 1H),3.90-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.45-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.16 (m, 2H),3.16-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.14-2.03 (m,2H), 2.03-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.34 (m, 2H).

Step 6. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate[from C25, DIAST-1] (4)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added in a drop-wise manner to a 0° C.solution of C25 (50 mg, 94 μmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL), and thereaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 1 hour. Saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) was added, and the mixturewas extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). The combined organiclayers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated invacuo; preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 1:1ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) provided the product as a light yellowgum. Yield: 34.5 mg, 84.0 μmol, 89%. LCMS m/z 411.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.31-5.18 (br m, 1H), 4.04-3.76 (m, 6H), 3.76-3.66 (m,2H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.32-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.11 (br dd, J=10, 10 Hz,1H), 2.68-2.46 (br m, 1H), 2.47-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.21 (m, 1H),2.20-1.93 (m, 5H), 1.89-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.35 (m,2H).

Step 7. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate[from C26, DIAST-2] (5)

Compound C26 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of 4 from C25. The product was isolated as a yellow gum.Yield: 34.0 mg, 82.8 μmol, 88%. LCMS m/z 411.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 5.30-5.19 (br m, 1H), 4.05-3.77 (m, 6H), 3.77-3.65 (m, 2H),3.44-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.32-3.17 (m, 2H), 3.12 (br dd, J=10, 10 Hz, 1H),2.61-2.20 (m, 4H), 2.20-1.94 (m, 5H), 1.90-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.53 (m,2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.51-1.38 (m, 2H).

Example 6 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(6)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C27)

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (4.18 g, 21.5 mmol) was addedportion-wise to a mixture of C23 (5.0 g, 20 mmol), saturated aqueoussodium bicarbonate solution (55 mL), and dichloromethane (195 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, whereuponthe aqueous layer was extracted twice with dichloromethane, and thecombined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 10%methanol in dichloromethane) afforded the product as a white foam.Yield: 8.4 g, 20 mmol, quantitative. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.79-7.73(m, 2H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),3.8-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.79 (dd, J=5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.19-3.08 (m, 2H),3.08-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.67 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.48 (m,2H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,trifluoroacetic acid salt (C28)

Trifluoroacetic acid (15 mL) was slowly added to a solution of C27 (3.16g, 7.62 mmol) and dichloromethane (38 mL). After the reaction mixturehad stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, it was concentrated invacuo to afford the product, which was used in the next step withoutfurther purification. LCMS m/z 315.4 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.81-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 3.81 (br dd, J=5.1, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.43-3.34 (m, 2H),3.33-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.04 (br dd, J=4.9, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (s, 2H), 2.24(br d, J=14.4 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (ddd, J=14.8, 13.3, 4.5 Hz, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C29)

Triethylamine (5.3 mL, 38 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution of C28(from the previous step, ≤7.62 mmol) in in acetonitrile (40 mL). Thereaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for a few minutes,whereupon C2 (reaction solution in acetonitrile, containing 9.9 mmol)was added drop-wise. The temperature was maintained at 0° C. for a fewminutes, and then the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at roomtemperature for 3 days. Solvents were removed in vacuo, and the residuewas purified using silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethylacetate in heptane) to afford the product as a white foam. Yield: 3.9 g,6.6 mmol, 87% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 635.5 [(M+HCOOH)−H+]. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.79-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 4H, assumed; partiallyobscured by solvent peak), 6.96-6.85 (m, 2H), 5.54-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.51(AB quartet, downfield doublet is broadened, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28Hz, 2H), 3.95-3.64 (m, 9H), 3.26-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.89 (m, 2H),2.85-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.38 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(6)

Trifluoroacetic acid (25 mL) was added drop-wise to a 0° C. solution ofC29 (3.9 g, 6.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL), and the reactionmixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 2 hours. Itwas then concentrated in vacuo; the residue was dissolved in ethylacetate, washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution and with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethyl acetate inheptane) provided the product as a white foam. Yield: 2.6 g, 5.5 mmol,83%. LCMS m/z 471.5 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.85-7.78 (m,2H), 7.51 (br dd, J=8.9, 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.30-5.16 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.60 (m,6H), 3.20-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.69 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.75(m, 2H), 1.57-1.38 (m, 2H).

Crystallization of 6 (1 g) was carried out using ethyl acetate (10 mL)and hexanes (20 mL), providing the product as a white solid, meltingpoint 132° C.; this material was determined to be crystalline via powderX-ray diffraction. Yield for crystallization: 826 mg, 83%. LCMS m/z471.4 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.85-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.51 (brdd, J=8.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.30-5.16 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.60 (m, 6H), 3.21-3.01(m, 2H), 2.95-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.69 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.75 (m, 2H),1.58-1.38 (m, 2H).

Example 7 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (7)

Step 1. Synthesis of 4-tert-butyl9-{(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl}1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-4,9-dicarboxylate (C30)

Triethylamine (9.28 g, 91.7 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution oftert-butyl 1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-4-carboxylate (4.70 g, 18.3mmol) in acetonitrile (60 mL); C2 (reaction solution in acetonitrile,containing 27.5 mmol) was then added drop-wise, and the reaction mixturewas stirred at 0° C. few minutes. It was then allowed to warm to 25° C.and stir for 15 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo andpurified via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100%dichloromethane in petroleum ether). The product (11.2 g) was isolatedas a yellow oil, which by LCMS analysis was impure; this material wasused without additional purification. LCMS m/z 555.1 [M+Na⁺].

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (C31)

A mixture of C30 (from the previous step, 4.5 g, 57.4 mmol) and silicagel (5.0 g) was stirred at 150° C. for 3.5 hours, whereupon it wascombined with a similar reaction carried out on C30 (4.5 g, 57.4 mmol)and purified via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 8% methanolin dichloromethane). The product was obtained as a brown oil. Yield:2.53 g, 5.85 mmol, 40% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 433.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),5.54-5.43 (br m, 1H), 4.51 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=27.5 Hz,2H), 3.95-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.79-3.63 (m, 4H), 3.30-3.14 (m,2H), 2.86 (dd, J=4.8, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 2.73-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.91 (m, 2H),1.50-1.29 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (C32)

Benzenesulfonyl chloride (61.3 mg, 0.347 mmol) was added to a 5° C.solution of C31 (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) in saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution (2 mL) and dichloromethane (5 mL), and the reactionmixture was stirred at 5° C. for 16 hours. The aqueous layer wasextracted with dichloromethane, and the combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.Preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 3:1petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) provided the product as a colorless gum.Yield: 116 mg, 0.203 mmol, 88%. LCMS m/z 594.9 [M+Na⁺].

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (7)

To a solution of C32 (203 mg, 0.354 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) wasadded trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL, 30 mmol) and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 25° C. for 10 minutes. The reaction was quenched via additionof saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution to a pH of ˜8, and theresulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification via reversed phase HPLC (Column:Phenomenex Luna C18; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobilephase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 40% to 60% B) afforded the product as awhite solid. Yield: 101 mg, 0.224 mmol, 63%. LCMS m/z 452.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.78-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.55(m, 2H), 5.32-5.20 (br m, 1H), 4.05-3.95 (br m, 1H), 3.95-3.8 (m, 3H),3.79 (dd, J=5.1, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.92 (br m, 2H),2.90-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.22 (br m, 1H), 2.04-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.44 (m,2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).

Example 8 and 9 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3S)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(8) and (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(9)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C33)

tert-Butyl 3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate wasconverted to the product using the method described for synthesis of C32from C31 in Example 7. The product was isolated as a colorless gum.Yield: 200 mg, 0.504 mmol, 65%. LCMS m/z 296.8 [(M-BOC)+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) 7.91-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.51 (m, 2H),4.82 (br d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=9.6, 5.7 Hz,1H), 3.60-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.31-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.97 (dd, J=13.3, 7.6 Hz,1H), 1.63-1.48 (m, 5H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.44(s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C34)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added to a solution of C33 (200 mg,0.504 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 25° C. for 1 hour. Removal of solvents in vacuo providedN-(1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide, trifluoroaceticacid salt, as a colorless gum, LCMS m/z 297.0 [M+H]⁺. This material wasdissolved in acetonitrile (5 mL), cooled to 0° C., and treated withtriethylamine (153 mg, 1.51 mmol). After this solution had stirred at 0°C. for a few minutes, C2 (reaction solution in acetonitrile containing0.755 mmol) was added drop-wise, and stirring was continued at 0° C. for30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to 25° C. andstir for 18 hours, whereupon it was concentrated under reduced pressure.Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 1% to 34% ethyl acetate inpetroleum) afforded the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 180 mg, 0.314mmol, 62%. LCMS m/z 595.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.88 (br d,J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.23 (br d, J=8 Hz,2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.50(AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.3 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28 Hz, 2H), 4.01-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.82(s, 3H), 3.88-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.62 (m, 4H), 3.59-3.47 (m, 1H),3.36-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.38 (m, 5H, assumed;partially obscured by water peak).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C35)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C34 (180mg, 0.314 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 mL) and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes, whereupon it was treated with saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution until the pH was above 7. Theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (5×5 mL), and thecombined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Preparative thin layer chromatography on silicagel (Eluent: 1:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) provided adiastereomeric mixture of the product as a colorless oil. Yield: 130 mg,0.287 mmol, 91%.

Step 4. Isolation of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3S)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(8) and (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(9)

Compound C35 (130 mg, 0.287 mmol) was separated into its componentdiastereomers via supercritical fluid chromatography (Column: ChiralTechnologies Chiralpak AD, 5 μm; Mobile phase: 3:7 2-propanol/carbondioxide). The first-eluting diastereomer was further purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 1:1petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford 8 as a colorless gum. Yield forthe separation: 62.0 mg, 0.137 mmol, 48%. LCMS m/z 474.8 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.91-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.52 (m,2H), 5.30-5.18 (br m, 1H), 4.89-4.77 (br m, 1H), 4.03-3.90 (m, 2H),3.90-3.64 (m, 4H), 3.58-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.99 (dd,J=13.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.44 (m, 5H, assumed; partially obscured bywater peak).

The second-eluting diastereomer was 9, also isolated as a colorless gum.Yield for the separation: 67.0 mg, 0.148 mmol, 52%. LCMS m/z 475.1[M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.91-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.59 (m, 1H),7.59-7.52 (m, 2H), 5.29-5.18 (m, 1H), 4.87-4.79 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.90 (m,2H), 3.90-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.21(m, 2H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.39 (m, 5H, assumed; partiallyobscured by water peak).

The absolute configurations indicated for 8 and 9 were established byrelation to the X-ray crystal structure determination of C48 (seeExample 15) in the following manner: C48 and its enantiomer C49 wereconverted to samples of the general structure of 8 and 9 using themethods described in this Example. Supercritical fluid chromatography(Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralpak AD, 5 um; Mobile phase A: carbondioxide; Mobile phase B: 2-propanol; Gradient: 5% to 60% B) provided aclear correlation between the material derived from C48 and 9 (retentiontimes 7.44 and 7.45 minutes). Likewise, the material derived from C49exhibited a very similar retention time to that of 8 (6.86 and 6.87minutes).

Example 10 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[(5-cyclopropylpyridin-2-yl)oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylate (10)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-[(5-cyclopropylpyridin-2-yl)oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylate (C36)

Potassium tert-butoxide (913 mg, 8.14 mmol) was added to a solution oftert-butyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (983 mg, 4.88 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated at 50°C. for 2 hours. 2-Chloro-5-cyclopropylpyridine (250 mg, 1.63 mmol) wasthen added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 18hours. After solvent had been removed in vacuo, the residue was dilutedwith water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL); thecombined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure.Chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 10% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 120 mg,0.377 mmol, 23%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.97-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.3-7.21(m, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 6.62 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 5.22-5.13 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.34-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.92(m, 2H), 1.88-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 0.97-0.90(m, 2H), 0.65-0.59 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-[(5-cyclopropylpyridin-2-yl)oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylate (C37)

Conversion of C36 to C37 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. The product was isolatedas a colorless gum. Yield: 120 mg, 0.243 mmol, 64%.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) of intermediate5-cyclopropyl-2-(piperidin-4-yloxy)pyridine, trifluoroacetic acid salt,characteristic peaks: δ 8.07-8.03 (m, 1H), 7.79 (br d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.07(d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.34 (m,2H), 2.24-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.17-1.09 (m, 2H), 0.79-0.72(m, 2H).

Compound C37: LCMS m/z 517.0 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.97-7.92 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 3H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 6.89 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.64 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.44(m, 1H), 5.24-5.15 (m, 1H), 4.52 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.5 Hz,Δν_(AB)=26.5 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.8-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.52-3.39 (m, 2H),2.06-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.70 (m, 3H), 0.98-0.91 (m, 2H), 0.66-0.59 (m,2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[(5-cyclopropylpyridin-2-yl)oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylate (10)

Trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was added drop-wise to a solution of C37(120 mg, 0.243 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL), and the reactionmixture was stirred at 30° C. for 2 hours, whereupon it was concentratedin vacuo and diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The resulting mixturewas poured into saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL)and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL); the combined organic layerswere concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative thin layerchromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 1:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate)provided the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 70 mg, 0.19 mmol, 78%.LCMS m/z 375.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.94 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H),7.25 (dd, J=8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.32-5.19 (m, 2H),4.01 (br d, half of AB quartet, J=12 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, half of ABXpattern, J=12, 7 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.57-3.40 (m, 2H),2.52-2.40 (br s, 1H), 2.07-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.74 (m, 3H), 0.98-0.91(m, 2H), 0.66-0.59 (m, 2H).

Example 11 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(11)

Step 1. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C38)

Conversion of C31 to the product was carried out using the methoddescribed for synthesis of C32 from C31 in Example 7, providing C38 as acolorless gum. Yield: 130 mg, 0.220 mmol, 79%. LCMS m/z 612.9 [M+Na⁺].

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(11)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL, 30 mmol) was added to a solution of C38 (190mg, 0.322 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 25° C. for 10 minutes, whereupon it was treated withsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution to a pH of ˜8. The mixturewas extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 mL), and the combined organiclayers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. Purification via reversed phase HPLC (Column: Phenomenex LunaC18; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B:acetonitrile; Gradient: 43% to 63% B) afforded the product as a whitesolid. Yield: 93.4 mg, 0.198 mmol, 61%. LCMS m/z 470.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.61-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.32 (m,1H), 5.31-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.80 (dd,J=5.0, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.14 (m, 2H), 3.11-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.75 (m,2H), 2.33-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.45 (m, 2H, assumed;partially obscured by water peak).

Example 12 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(12)

Step 1. Synthesis of 9-benzyl 2-tert-butyl2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-2,9-dicarboxylate (C39)

Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (5 mL) and benzylchloroformate (161 mg, 0.944 mmol) were added to a 0° C. solution oftert-butyl 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-2-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.786mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred for18 hours at 30° C. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate(2×5 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo; silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) provided theproduct as an oil. Yield: 235 mg, 0.605 mmol, 77%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.29 (m, 5H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 3.73-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.19(m, 6H), 1.60-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.28 (m, 6H), 1.45 (m, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of benzyl 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C40)

Trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) was added to a solution of C39 (235 mg,0.605 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) and the reaction mixture wasstirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. After removal of solvents invacuo, the residue was taken up in aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution(20 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL). The combinedorganic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to afford the product as a gum. Yield: 116 mg,0.402 mmol, 66%. LCMS m/z 289.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Synthesis of benzyl2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C41)

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (117 mg, 0.601 mmol) was added to asolution of C40 (116 mg, 0.402 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) and the reactionmixture was stirred for 18 hours at 30° C., whereupon it wasconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned betweendichloromethane (20 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution (20 mL), and the organic layer was concentrated under reducedpressure. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 25% ethyl acetatein petroleum ether) provided the product as a gum. Yield: 140 mg, 0.314mmol, 78%. LCMS m/z 446.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81-7.73(m, 2H), 7.41-7.29 (m, 5H), 7.22 (dd, J=8.8, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H),3.64-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.04 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.80 (m,2H), 2.80-2.60 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.5 (m, 2H, assumed;obscured by water peak), 1.44 (ddd, J=14, 9, 4 Hz, 2H), 1.39-1.29 (m,2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane (C42)

To a solution of C41 (60.0 mg, 0.134 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL)was added 10% palladium on carbon (14.3 mg, 13.4 μmol), and the mixturewas stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere (45 psi) for 18 hours at 50° C.After filtration of the reaction mixture, the filter cake was washedwith methanol (20 mL); the combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuoto afford the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 42.0 mg, 0.134 mmol,100%. LCMS m/z 312.9 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C43)

Conversion of C42 to the product was effected using the method describedfor synthesis of C30 in Example 7. In this case, purification wascarried out via preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel(Eluent: 3:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford the product as agum. Yield: 55 mg, 93 μmol, 35%. LCMS m/z 611.0 [M+Na⁺].

Step 6. Synthesis of (2R)-1, 1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(12)

Conversion of C43 to the product was carried out using the methoddescribed for synthesis of 11 from C38 in Example 11, except that thereaction was carried out at 0° C. Purification was effected viapreparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 9:1dichloromethane/methanol) to provide the product as a white solid.Yield: 13 mg, 28 μmol, 30%. LCMS m/z 491.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (br dd, J=8.5, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.5, 8.3 Hz, 2H),5.32-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.53 (m,2H), 3.50-3.31 (m, 2H), 3.16-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.69(m, 1H), 1.80-1.54 (m, 5H), 1.54-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.31 (m, 2H).

Example 13 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3aR,6aS)-5-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate(13)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3aR,6aS)-5-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate(C44)

tert-Butyl (3aR,6aS)-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylatewas converted to C44 using the method described for synthesis of C32from C31 in Example 7. The product was obtained as a white solid. Yield:100 mg, 0.257 mmol, 68%. LCMS m/z 410.9 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.68 (ddd, J=9, 7, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.36 (ddd, J=9, 9, 7Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.20-2.98 (m, 4H),2.89-2.80 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3aR,6aS)-5-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate(C45)

Conversion of C44 to C45 was effected using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD)of intermediate(3aR,6aS)-2-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole,trifluoroacetic acid salt, δ 7.80 (ddd, J=9.7, 7.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H),7.72-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.58 (ddd, J=10.0, 8.7, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.53 (m,2H), 3.38-3.33 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.07 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.96 (m, 4H). In thiscase, purification was carried out via preparative thin layerchromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 2:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate)to afford C45 as a colorless gum. By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged tobe a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 100 mg, 0.18 mmol, 69%. LCMS m/z 587.0[M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.64-7.57 (m, 1H),7.39-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 6.94-6.85 (m, 2H), 5.47-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.58-4.41 (m, 2H),[3.83 (s) and 3.81 (s), total 3H], 3.77-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.55-3.35 (m, 2H),3.29-3.05 (m, 4H), 2.95-2.84 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1, 1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3aR,6aS)-5-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate(13)

Conversion of C45 to 13 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C35 from C34 in Examples 8 and 9. The product was isolatedas a colorless oil. Yield: 40 mg, 90 μmol, 50%. LCMS m/z 445.0 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68 (br dd, J=9.0, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.58 (m,1H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 1H), 5.29-5.18 (m, 1H), 4.03-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.79(m, 1H), 3.74-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.07 (m, 5H),2.99-2.84 (m, 2H).

Example 14 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(14)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C46)

A mixture of C23 (100 mg, 0.39 mmol), 2-chloro-5-fluoropyridine (103 mg,0.783 mmol),[1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)palladium(II)dichloride (26.6 mg, 39.1 μmol), and cesium carbonate (381 mg, 1.17mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 3 days. The reactionmixture was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo;silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 10% methanol indichloromethane) afforded the product as a brown gum. Yield: 135 mg,0.384 mmol, 98%. LCMS m/z 352.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.03(d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (ddd, J=9.2, 7.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (dd, J=9.3,3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J=6.0, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 3.8-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.42 (dd,J=5.4, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 2H), 3.19 (br dd, J=12, 12 Hz, 2H), 1.91(br d, J=13 Hz, 2H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C47)

Conversion of C46 to C47 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. LCMS of intermediate4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,bis(trifluoroacetic acid) salt, m/z 252.1 [M+H]⁺. In this case,purification was carried out using preparative thin layer chromatography(Eluent: 3:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford C47 as a lightyellow gum. Yield: 70 mg, 0.13 mmol, 68%. LCMS m/z 528.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(14)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C47 (70 mg,0.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 25° C. for 1 hour. Solvents were removed in vacuo, and theresidue was subjected to preparative thin layer chromatography on silicagel (Eluent: 2:3 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate). Further purificationusing reversed phase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobilephase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.225% formic acidin acetonitrile; Gradient: 38% to 58% B) provided the product as acolorless gum. Yield: 33.4 mg, 82.0 μmol, 63%. LCMS m/z 408.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.04 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 1H,assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 6.59 (dd, J=9.2, 3.1 Hz,1H), 5.32-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.77 (m, 6H), 3.49-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.19(m, 4H), 2.68-2.38 (br s, 1H), 2.08-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.48 (m, 2H).

Example 15 (2R)-1,1, I-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(15)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C48) and tert-butyl(3S)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C49)

Reaction of tert-butyl 3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylatewith benzenesulfonyl chloride was carried out as described for synthesisof C32 from C31 in Example 7. The racemic product was purified usingsilica gel chromatography (Gradient: 20% to 50% ethyl acetate inheptane) to afford a white solid (2.88 g), which was then separated intoits component enantiomers via supercritical fluid chromatography[Column: Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-3, 5 μm; Eluent: 7.5% (1:1methanol/acetonitrile) in carbon dioxide]. The first-eluting product,obtained as a tacky white solid that exhibited a negative (−) rotation,was designated as C48. Yield: 1.35 g, 3.40 mmol, 45%. LCMS m/z 395.5[M−H+]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H),7.57-7.52 (m, 2H), 4.81 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.81 (dd,J=9.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.97 (dd,J=13.4, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.67-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

The second-eluting product, obtained as a tacky white solid thatexhibited a positive (+) rotation, was designated as C49. Yield: 1.15 g,2.90 mmol, 38%. LCMS m/z 395.5 [M−H+]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.52 (m, 2H), 4.79 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.81 (dd, J=9.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.48 (m,3H), 3.30-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.97 (dd, J=13.4, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.67-1.49 (m,4H), 1.47-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

The absolute configurations shown were established as follows: a portionof this batch of C48 was recrystallized from dichloromethane/tert-butylmethyl ether, and its absolute configuration was determined via singlecrystal X-ray structure determination:

Single-Crystal X-Ray Structural Determination of C48

Data collection was performed on a Bruker APEX diffractometer at roomtemperature. Data collection consisted of omega and phi scans.

The structure was solved by direct methods using SHELX software suite inthe space group P2₁2₁2₁. The structure was subsequently refined by thefull-matrix least squares method. All non-hydrogen atoms were found andrefined using anisotropic displacement parameters.

The hydrogen atom located on nitrogen was found from the Fourierdifference map and refined with distances restrained. The remaininghydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and were allowed toride on their carrier atoms. The final refinement included isotropicdisplacement parameters for all hydrogen atoms.

Analysis of the absolute structure using likelihood methods (Hooft,2008) was performed using PLATON (Spek, 2010). The results indicate thatthe absolute structure has been correctly assigned. The methodcalculates that the probability that the structure is correct is 100.0.The Hooft parameter is reported as 0.015 with an esd of 0.09.

The final R-index was 4.2%. A final difference Fourier revealed nomissing or misplaced electron density.

Pertinent crystal, data collection and refinement information issummarized in Table 1. Atomic coordinates, bond lengths, bond angles,and displacement parameters are listed in Tables 2-5.

SOFTWARE AND REFERENCES

-   SHELXTL, Version 5.1, Bruker AXS, 1997.-   PLATON, A. L. Spek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2003, 36, 7-13.-   MERCURY, C. F. Macrae, P. R. Edington, P. McCabe, E. Pidcock, G. P.    Shields, R. Taylor, M. Towler, and J. van de Streek, J. Appl. Cryst.    2006, 39, 453-457.-   OLEX2, O. V. Dolomanov, L. J. Bourhis, R. J. Gildea, J. A. K.    Howard, and H. Puschmann, J. Appl. Cryst. 2009, 42, 339-341.-   R. W. W. Hooft, L. H. Straver, and A. L. Spek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2008,    41, 96-103.-   H. D. Flack, Acta Cryst. 1983, A39, 867-881.

TABLE 1 Crystal data and structure refinement for C48. Empirical formulaC₁₉H₂₈N₂O₅S Formula weight 396.50 Temperature 276(2) K. Wavelength1.54178 Å Crystal system Orthorhombic Space group P2₁2₁2₁ Unit celldimensions a = 9.79150(10) Å α = 90° b = 11.11580(10) Å β = 90° c =18.6694(2) Å γ = 90° Volume 2031.98(4) Å³ Z 4 Density (calculated) 1.296Mg/m³ Absorption coefficient 1.686 mm⁻¹ F(000) 848 Crystal size 0.260 ×0.180 × 0.140 mm³ Theta range for data collection 4.630 to 68.568° Indexranges −11 <= h <= 11, −13 <= k <= 13, −20 <= I <= 22 Reflectionscollected 9404 Independent reflections 3633 [R(int) = 0.0247]Completeness to theta = 70.31° 99.3% Absorption correction NoneRefinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F²Data/restraints/parameters 3633/1/251 Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.067 FinalR indices [I > 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0418, wR2 = 0.1074 R indices (all data)R1 = 0.0441, wR2 = 0.1098 Absolute structure parameter 0.017(9)Extinction coefficient n/a Largest diff. peak and hole 0.428 and −0.457e · Å⁻³

TABLE 2 Atomic coordinates (×10⁴) and equivalent isotropic displacementparameters (Å² × 10³) for C48. U(eq) is defined as one-third of thetrace of the orthogonalized U^(ij) tensor. x y z U(eq) S(1)  −3733(1)10920(1)   849(1) 53(1) N(1)  −3045(3)  9602(2)   839(2) 59(1) N(2)  3033(2)  7292(2)  1366(2) 52(1) O(1)  −5113(3) 10761(2)  1075(1) 74(1)O(2)  −2848(3) 11724(2)  1218(1) 68(1) O(3)     29(3)  8787(2)  1780(1)68(1) O(4)   5295(2)  7383(2)  1100(1) 53(1) O(5)   4386(2)  5806(2) 1709(1) 55(1) C(1)  −4868(3) 11071(3)  −483(2) 63(1) C(2)  −4920(4)11465(4) −1195(2) 76(1) C(3)  −3910(5) 12188(4) −1452(2) 77(1) C(4) −2853(5) 12532(4) −1029(2) 80(1) C(5)  −2775(3) 12136(3)  −315(2) 64(1)C(6)  −3796(3) 11406(2)   −54(2) 49(1) C(7)  −1575(3)  9468(3)   927(2)49(1) C(8)  −1069(4)  9583(4)  1697(2) 77(1) C(9)    248(3)  8100(3) 1135(2) 48(1) C(10) −1087(3)  8216(3)   724(2) 51(1) C(11)   601(3) 6821(3)  1356(2) 62(1) C(12)  1914(4)  6735(3)  1772(2) 67(1) C(13) 2776(3)  8526(3)  1137(2) 55(1) C(14)  1463(3)  8609(3)   722(2) 49(1)C(15)  4329(3)  6873(2)  1372(2) 46(1) C(16)  5650(3)  5100(3)  1749(2)50(1) C(17)  6713(4)  5783(4)  2169(2) 69(1) C(18)  6126(5)  4758(4) 1005(2) 82(1) C(19)  5191(4)  3991(3)  2158(2) 62(1)

TABLE 3 Bond lengths [Å] and angles [°] for C48. S(1)—O(2)  1.423(3)S(1)—O(1)  1.426(2) S(1)—N(1)  1.613(2) S(1)—C(6)  1.772(3) N(1)—C(7) 1.456(4) N(2)—C(15)  1.353(4) N(2)—C(13)  1.459(4) N(2)—C(12)  1.468(4)O(3)—C(8)  1.400(4) O(3)—C(9)  1.441(4) O(4)—C(15)  1.214(4) O(5)—C(15) 1.344(3) O(5)—C(16)  1.467(3) C(1)—C(6)  1.372(5) C(1)—C(2)  1.400(5)C(2)—C(3)  1.362(6) C(3)—C(4)  1.358(6) C(4)—C(5)  1.405(5) C(5)—C(6) 1.376(4) C(7)—C(10)  1.520(4) C(7)—C(8)  1.525(5) C(9)—C(11)  1.520(4)C(9)—C(10)  1.521(4) C(9)—C(14)  1.526(4) C(11)—C(12)  1.506(5)C(13)—C(14)  1.503(4) C(16)—C(17)  1.508(5) C(16)—C(18)  1.514(5)C(16)—C(19)  1.518(4) O(2)—S(1)—O(1) 120.73(17) O(2)—S(1)—N(1)108.79(15) O(1)—S(1)—N(1) 106.64(15) O(2)—S(1)—C(6) 106.86(14)O(1)—S(1)—C(6) 106.70(15) N(1)—S(1)—C(6) 106.29(15) C(7)—N(1)—S(1) 120.3(2) C(15)—N(2)—C(13)  119.2(2) C(15)—N(2)—C(12)  123.4(2)C(13)—N(2)—C(12)  114.8(3) C(8)—O(3)—C(9)  110.9(2) C(15)—O(5)—C(16) 122.1(2) C(6)—C(1)—C(2)  119.8(3) C(3)—C(2)—C(1)  119.6(4)C(4)—C(3)—C(2)  120.9(4) C(3)—C(4)—C(5)  120.4(4) C(6)—C(5)—C(4) 118.7(3) C(1)—C(6)—C(5)  120.6(3) C(1)—C(6)—S(1)  119.9(2)C(5)—C(6)—S(1)  119.4(3) N(1)—C(7)—C(10)  112.1(3) N(1)—C(7)—C(8) 114.8(3) C(10)—C(7)—C(8)  102.1(3) O(3)—C(8)—C(7)  107.5(3)O(3)—C(9)—C(11)  107.7(3) O(3)—C(9)—C(10)  104.4(2) C(11)—C(9)—C(10) 114.3(3) O(3)—C(9)—C(14)  109.9(3) C(11)—C(9)—C(14)  107.9(2)C(10)—C(9)—C(14)  112.6(2) C(7)—C(10)—C(9)  102.8(2) C(12)—C(11)—C(9) 113.1(3) N(2)—C(12)—C(11)  110.1(3) N(2)—C(13)—C(14)  110.9(3)C(13)—C(14)—C(9)  112.6(2) O(4)—C(15)—O(5)  125.2(3) O(4)—C(15)—N(2) 124.5(3) O(5)—C(15)—N(2)  110.3(2) O(5)—C(16)—C(17)  109.8(3)O(5)—C(16)—C(18)  110.3(3) C(17)—C(16)—C(18)  113.0(3) O(5)—C(16)—C(19) 102.1(2) C(17)—C(16)—C(19)  110.6(3) C(18)—C(16)—C(19)  110.4(3)Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms.

TABLE 4 Anisotropic displacement parameters (Å² × 10³) for C48. Theanisotropic displacement factor exponent takes the form: −2π²[h²a*²U¹¹ + . . . + 2 h k a* b* U¹²]. U¹¹ U²² U³³ U²³ U¹³ U¹² S(1) 48(1)42(1) 69(1) 2(1) 10(1) 8(1) N(1) 44(1) 42(1) 91(2) 9(1) 4(1) 3(1) N(2)41(1) 49(1) 67(2) 17(1) 2(1) 2(1) O(1) 57(1) 69(1) 95(2) 19(1) 28(1)18(1) O(2) 80(2) 52(1) 70(1) −7(1) −6(1) 9(1) O(3) 66(2) 88(2) 49(1)−8(1) −5(1) 24(1) O(4) 43(1) 49(1) 68(1) 7(1) 4(1) 0(1) O(5) 46(1) 46(1)73(1) 16(1) 1(1) 4(1) C(1) 45(2) 51(2) 92(2) 0(2) −4(2) −4(1) C(2) 66(2)78(2) 84(2) −6(2) −20(2) 2(2) C(3) 85(3) 77(2) 69(2) 6(2) −1(2) 2(2)C(4) 77(2) 83(3) 81(2) 12(2) 15(2) −22(2) C(5) 53(2) 65(2) 75(2) 1(2)2(2) −18(2) C(6) 40(1) 36(1) 70(2) −2(1) 5(1) 4(1) C(7) 42(1) 44(1)60(2) 2(1) 4(1) 4(1) C(8) 78(2) 83(2) 70(2) −22(2) −9(2) 27(2) C(9)47(2) 49(2) 48(2) −1(1) 3(1) 6(1) C(10) 46(1) 49(1) 57(2) −5(1) 1(1)7(1) C(11) 44(2) 54(2) 91(2) 21(2) 9(2) 1(1) C(12) 50(2) 69(2) 83(2)35(2) 10(2) 9(2) C(13) 48(2) 48(2) 68(2) 10(1) −2(1) 0(1) C(14) 51(2)45(1) 51(2) 5(1) 1(1) 5(1) C(15) 44(1) 43(1) 50(1) 2(1) −1(1) 2(1) C(16)51(2) 51(2) 48(2) 5(1) 1(1) 13(1) C(17) 56(2) 80(2) 70(2) 17(2) −7(2)−6(2) C(18) 120(4) 71(2) 56(2) 4(2) 14(2) 37(2) C(19) 71(2) 51(2) 64(2)12(1) −4(2) 10(2)

TABLE 5 Hydrogen coordinates (×10⁴) and isotropic displacementparameters (Å² × 10³) for C48. x y z U(eq) H(1X) −3660(30) 8980(20)932(17) 57(9) H(1) −5558 10584 −302 75 H(2) −5639 11234 −1490 91 H(3)−3946 12450 −1925 92 H(4) −2177 13033 −1212 96 H(5) −2047 12362 −25 77H(7) −1107 10063 628 59 H(8A) −776 10401 1791 92 H(8B) −1794 9380 202992 H(10A) −938 8151 212 61 H(10B) −1738 7606 872 61 H(11A) −137 65011645 75 H(11B) 674 6326 929 75 H(12A) 1811 7141 2229 81 H(12B) 2127 58981865 81 H(13A) 3526 8801 840 66 H(13B) 2726 9045 1554 66 H(14A) 15628173 275 59 H(14B) 1285 9446 607 59 H(17A) 7038 6448 1888 103 H(17B)7462 5258 2281 103 H(17C) 6316 6080 2605 103 H(18A) 5376 4423 741 124H(18B) 6844 4173 1040 124 H(18C) 6460 5461 763 124 H(19A) 4803 4229 260993 H(19B) 5962 3476 2242 93 H(19C) 4519 3565 1883 93

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C50)

To a solution of C48 (1.5 g, 3.8 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide at 0° C.was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 227 mg, 5.67mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30minutes, whereupon iodomethane (1.61 g, 11.3 mmol) was added, andstirring was continued for 1 hour. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution was added, and the aqueous layer was extracted three times withethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the product.Yield: 1.53 g, 3.73 mmol, 98%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.80-7.76 (m,2H), 7.63-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.50 (m, 2H), 4.73-4.64 (m, 1H), 3.78 (dd,J=10.2, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.64-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.55 (dd, J=10.2, 4.9 Hz, 1H),3.27-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.87 (dd, J=13.5, 9.1 Hz, 1H),1.63-1.54 (m, 3H), 1.44 (dd, J=13.5, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.37 (brddd, J=13, 10, 4 Hz, 1H).

Step 3. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C51)

Conversion of C50 to C51 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. Purification in this casewas effected via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 60% ethylacetate in heptane) to afford the product as a colorless oil. Yield: 1.7g, 2.9 mmol, 77%. LCMS m/z 609.4 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.82-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.23 (br d,J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (br d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.75-4.63(m, 1H), 4.49 (AB quartet, upfield doublet is broadened, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz,Δν_(AB)=28.4 Hz, 2H), 3.85-3.62 (m, 5H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.62-3.52 (m,1H), 3.34-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 1.85 (dd, J=13.5, 9.1 Hz, 1H),1.71-1.53 (m, 3H), 1.46 (dd, J=13.5, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (ddd, J=13.5,11.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H).

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(15)

Trifluoroacetic acid (10.8 mL) was added drop-wise to a 0° C. solutionof C51 (1.7 g, 2.9 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) and the reactionmixture was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. After removal ofsolvents in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washedwith saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous layerwas extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic layers weredried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 80% ethyl acetatein heptane) provided the product as a white solid. Yield: 1.06 g, 2.27mmol, 78%. LCMS m/z 467.4 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81-7.77(m, 2H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.51 (m, 2H), 5.28-5.18 (m, 1H),4.74-4.65 (m, 1H), 3.98 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H),3.89-3.69 (m, 3H), 3.80 (dd, J=10.3, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.62-3.54 (m, 1H),3.38-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.4-2.0 (v br s, 1H), 1.94-1.81 (m,1H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 3H), 1.48 (br dd, J=13, 6 Hz, 1H), 1.45-1.34 (m, 1H).

Example 16 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-hydroxy-4-{[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate (16)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-hydroxy-4-{[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(C52)

tert-Butyl 4-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate wasconverted to C52 using the method described for synthesis of C32 fromC31 in Example 7. Purification via preparative thin layer chromatography(Eluent: 10:1 dichloromethane/methanol) afforded the product as acolorless gum. Yield: 127 mg, 0.343 mmol, 79%. LCMS m/z 393.0 [M+Na⁺].¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.90-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 1H),7.57-7.51 (m, 2H), 5.10 (br t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.17(br dd, J=12, 11 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (br d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (br s, 1H),1.63-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-hydroxy-4-{[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(C53)

Conversion of C52 to C53 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. Purification in this casewas effected via preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel(Eluent: 1:1 ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to afford the product as acolorless gum. Yield: 60 mg, 0.11 mmol, 58% over 3 steps. LCMS m/z 569.1[M+Na⁺].

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-hydroxy-4-{[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate (16)

Conversion of C53 to 16 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of 1 from C12 in Example 1. Purification via reversed phaseHPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.1% aqueoushydrochloric acid; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 28% to 48% B)afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 23 mg, 54 μmol, 49%. LCMSm/z 449.0 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ 7.85(br d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=7, 7 Hz, 1H),7.53 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=7, 7 Hz, 2H), 5.87-5.69 (m, 1H),5.33-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.74 (m, 3H), 3.39-3.16 (m,2H), 1.74-1.38 (m, 4H).

Example 17 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(17)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C54)

A mixture of C22 (100 mg, 0.370 mmol), 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene(119 mg, 0.629 mmol), and cesium carbonate (241 mg, 0.740 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 64 hours. Thereaction mixture was then filtered and concentrated in vacuo; theresidue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography on silicagel (Eluent: 1:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate), affording the productas a colorless gum. Yield: 42 mg, 0.11 mmol, 30%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.28-7.21 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),7.04 (br dd, J=8.7, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.67(m, 2H), 3.14-3.03 (m, 2H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 1.84-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s,9H), 1.42-1.32 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C55)

Conversion of C54 to C55 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. Purification was effectedvia preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 1:1ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to provide the product as a colorlessgum. Yield: 48 mg, 87 μmol, 78% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 577.3 [M+Na⁺]. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.27-7.19 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 7.04 (br dd, J=8.7, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.92-6.82 (m, 2H),5.50-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.40 (m, 4H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.96-3.78 (m, 2H),3.81 (s, 3H), 3.78-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.24-2.97 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.73 (m, 2H),1.44-1.28 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(17)

Conversion of C55 to 17 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C35 from C34 in Examples 8 and 9. Purification via reversedphase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.225%formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.225% formic acid inacetonitrile; Gradient: 30% to 50% B) afforded the product as acolorless gum. Yield: 15.4 mg, 35.4 μmol, 41%. LCMS m/z 435.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.28-7.21 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 7.05 (br dd, J=8.5, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.29-5.18 (m, 1H),4.66-4.49 (m, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 4.02-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.79 (m, 3H),3.28-3.11 (m, 2H), 3.09 (s, 2H), 1.93-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.35 (m, 2H).

Example 18 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2-ethyl-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(18)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-({[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate(C56)

4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.21 g, 11.4 mmol) was addedportion-wise to a 0° C. solution of tert-butyl4-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (2.95 g, 12.8 mmol)and triethylamine (4.7 mL, 33.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (150 mL) andthe reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirfor 1 hour. It was then diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL) and washedsequentially with water (200 mL) and with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (200 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (20mL); addition of heptane (100 mL) caused a solid to precipitate.Solvents were evaporated off to afford the product as a white solid.Yield: 4.3 g, 11.1 mmol, 97%. LCMS m/z 387.4 [M−H+]. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.91-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.22 (br dd, J=8.6, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.2-4.9 (vbr s, 1H), 3.87-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.92 (s, 2H), 2.12-1.94(br s, 1H), 1.63-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl2-ethyl-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C57)

1,2-Dibromobutane (0.14 mL, 1.2 mmol) was added to a solution of C56(150 mg, 0.386 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL). Potassiumcarbonate (330 mg, 2.4 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture washeated at 100° C. for 1 hour. It was then cooled to room temperature andtreated with additional 1,2-dibromobutane (0.14 mL, 1.2 mmol), followedby potassium carbonate (330 mg, 2.4 mmol). The reaction temperature wasincreased to 110° C. for 1 hour, whereupon the reaction mixture waspartitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The organiclayer was washed sequentially with water (50 mL) and with saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 60% ethyl acetate in heptane) provided the product as acolorless, viscous oil. Yield: 115 mg, 0.260 mmol, 67%. LCMS m/z 465.5[M+Na⁺].

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2-ethyl-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(18)

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.40 mL, 5.2 mmol) was added to a solution of C57(115 mg, 0.260 mmol in dichloromethane (5 mL) and the reaction mixturewas allowed to stir for 1 hour at room temperature, whereupon it wasconcentrated in vacuo and mixed with dichloromethane (5 mL) andtriethylamine (1.5 mL, 11 mmol). In a separate flask, a solution of C1(65.0 mg, 0.260 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was treated sequentiallywith bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (102 mg, 0.259 mmol) andtriethylamine (1.8 mL, 13 mmol), and this reaction was allowed to stirat room temperature for 1 hour. The solution containing the deprotectedC57 was added to the carbonate reaction mixture, and stirring wascontinued for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was thenpartitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution (60 mL), and the organic layer was washed withaqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate solution (1 M, 60 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresulting viscous oil was taken up in dichloromethane (5 mL);trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added at room temperature while thereaction mixture was stirred. The reaction mixture was allowed to stirfor an additional 30 minutes, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo;the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and concentratedonce more. Purification was carried out via reversed phase HPLC (Column:Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid inwater (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile(v/v); Gradient: 35% to 55% B) to provide the product. Yield: 12.3 mg,24.7 μmol, 10%. LCMS m/z 499.2 [M+H]⁺. Retention time: 2.79 minutes[Analytical HPLC column: Waters Atlantis dC18, 4.6×50 mm, 5 μm; Mobilephase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B:0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 5.0% to 95%B, linear over 4.0 minutes; Flow rate: 2 mL/minute].

Examples 19, 20 and 21

1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(19); 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate,ENT-1 (20); and 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate,ENT-2 (21)

Step 1. Synthesis of 2,2,4,4,4-pentafluorobutane-1,3-diol (C58)

n-Butyllithium (2.5 M solution in hexanes; 23.9 mL, 59.8 mmol) was addeddrop-wise to a −78° C. solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol(4.90 g, 29.2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred for 10 minutes at −78° C., then allowed to warm to 0° C. andstir for 1 hour. Paraformaldehyde (8.7 g, 0.29 mol) was added in aportion-wise manner, and the reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. Water (50 mL) was added, followed by sodiumborohydride (3.7 g, 98 mmol) {Caution: exothermic reaction, accompaniedby gas evolution!)}; in the course of the addition, the reaction mixturewas cooled in an ice bath to control the reaction. Upon completion ofthe addition, stirring was continued overnight at room temperature,whereupon the reaction was quenched via addition of 1 M aqueoushydrochloric acid (Caution: gas evolution). The resulting mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford theproduct as a yellow-brown oil. Yield: 4.5 g, 25 mmol, 86%. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.50-4.38 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.02 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.89 (m, 1H).

Step 2. Synthesis of4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutan-2-ol (C59)

N,N-Dimethylformamide (5 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C58 (6.30g, 35.0 mmol) and 1H-imidazole (2.62 g, 38.5 mmol) in dichloromethane(60 mL). tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl chloride (5.27 g, 35.0 mmol) was thenintroduced portion-wise, and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm toroom temperature and stir for 4 days. Saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride solution (100 mL) was added, and the aqueous layer wasextracted with dichloromethane (2×30 mL). The combined organic layerswere dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo;silica gel chromatography (Eluent: 5% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)afforded the product as a yellow oil. Yield: 3.0 g, 10 mmol, 29%. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) 4.44-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.85 (m,1H), 3.57-3.46 (m, 1H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 6H).

Step 3. Synthesis of4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutan-2-ylpentafluorophenyl carbonate (C60)

Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (158 mg, 0.401 mmol) was added to a 0°C. solution of C59 (118 mg, 0.401 mmol) in acetonitrile (4 mL).Triethylamine (122 mg, 1.20 mmol) was added drop-wise to the reactionmixture, which was stirred briefly in the ice bath, and then allowed towarm to 25° C. and stir for 2 hours. The reaction solution of C60 wasused directly in the following step.

Step 4. Synthesis of4-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C61)

Triethylamine (118 mg, 1.17 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution of C28(100 mg, 0.233 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL). After a few minutes, C60(reaction solution from the previous step; 0.401 mmol) was addeddrop-wise to the 0° C. mixture, which was stirred in the ice bath forseveral minutes, stirred at 28° C. for 20 hours, and then cooled to 0°C. A second batch of C60 (using the same scale and method as step 3above; 0.401 mmol) was prepared and added to the 0° C. reaction mixture,which was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir overnight. Afterremoval of volatiles in vacuo, the residue was purified usingpreparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 3:1petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford the product as a white solid.Yield: 120 mg, 0.189 mmol, 81%. By ¹H NMR analysis, this material wasjudged to be a mixture of rotamers. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.87-7.80(m, 2H), 7.36 (br dd, J=8.7, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.84-5.70 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.54(m, 1H), 3.97-3.77 (m, 5H), 3.3-3.15 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscuredby solvent peak), 3.02-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.94 (m,2H), 1.61-1.45 (m, 2H), [0.93 (s) and 0.90 (s), total 9H], [0.12 (s),0.10 (s), and 0.08 (s), total 6H].

Step 5. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(19)

Trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL) and water (1 mL) were added drop-wise to a0° C. solution of C61 (120 mg, 0.189 mmol) in dichloromethane (6 mL) andthe reaction mixture was stirred at 28° C. for 3 hours. It was thenconcentrated in vacuo and partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) andsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL); the organic layerwas washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (3×20 mL),dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.Preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 1:1petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) provided the product as a colorless gum.Yield: 73 mg, 0.14 mmol, 74%. LCMS m/z 521.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 7.84 (br dd, J=8.8, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (br dd, J=8.8, 8.7 Hz,2H), 5.86-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.72 (m, 6H), 3.3-3.17 (m, 2H, assumed;partially obscured by solvent peak), 3.01-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.76 (m,2H), 2.02-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.47 (m, 2H).

Step 6. Isolation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate,ENT-1 (20), and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate,ENT-2 (21)

The racemate 19 was separated into its component enantiomers viasupercritical fluid chromatography [Column: Chiral TechnologiesChiralcel OD, 3 μm; Gradient: 5% to 40% (2-propanol containing 0.05%diethylamine) in carbon dioxide]. The first-eluting enantiomer was 20,obtained as a colorless gum. Yield: 19.9 mg, 38.2 μmol, 27% for theseparation. LCMS m/z 521.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.84 (brdd, J=8.7, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (br dd, J=8.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.86-5.73 (m,1H), 3.91-3.72 (m, 6H), 3.3-3.17 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 3.01-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.92 (m, 2H),1.61-1.47 (m, 2H). Retention time via supercritical fluidchromatography: 3.97 minutes (Column: Chiral Technologies ChiralcelOD-3, 4.6 mm×150 mm I.D., 3 μm; Mobile phase A: carbon dioxide; Mobilephase B: 2-propanol containing 0.05% diethylamine; Gradient: 5% to 40%B; Flow rate: 2.5 mL/minute).

The second-eluting enantiomer was 21, also isolated as a colorless gum.Yield: 19.6 mg, 37.6 μmol, 27% for the separation. LCMS m/z 521.2[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 2H),5.85-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.72 (m, 6H), 3.3-3.17 (m, 2H, assumed;partially obscured by solvent peak), 3.01-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.76 (m,2H), 2.03-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.47 (m, 2H). Retention time viasupercritical fluid chromatography: 4.38 min (Same analytical conditionsas those described for 20).

Example 22 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(22)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C62)

Reaction of C23 with morpholine-4-sulfonyl chloride was carried outusing the method described for synthesis of C32 from C31 in Example 7,providing the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 100 mg, 0.247 mmol,63%. LCMS m/z 428.2 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.81-3.70 (m,8H), 3.29-3.21 (m, 6H), 3.15 (br dd, J=12, 12 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (s, 2H),1.95-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C63)

Conversion of C62 to C63 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. LCMS of intermediate4-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,trifluoroacetic acid salt: m/z 306.0 [M+H]⁺. In this case, purificationwas carried out using preparative thin layer chromatography (Eluent: 1:1petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford C63 as a colorless gum. Yield:90.0 mg, 0.155 mmol, 65%. LCMS m/z 603.9 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.41 (m,1H), 4.50 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28.2 Hz, 2H), 3.95-3.80(m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.78-3.64 (m, 8H), 3.28-3.16 (m, 8H), 3.07-3.00(m, 2H), 1.99-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.40 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1, 1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(22)

Conversion of C63 to 22 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C35 from C34 in Examples 8 and 9. Purification via reversedphase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.225%formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.225% formic acid inacetonitrile; Gradient: 25% to 45% B) afforded the product as acolorless gum. Yield: 33.4 mg, 72.3 μmol, 47%. LCMS m/z 462.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.32-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.82(m, 3H), 3.82-3.69 (m, 6H), 3.34-3.18 (m, 8H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 2.34-2.21(m, 1H), 2.06-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.42 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscuredby water peak).

Example 23 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate (23)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate (C64)

A solution of 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene (134 mg, 0.709 mmol) inacetonitrile (3 mL) was slowly added to a room temperature mixture oftert-butyl 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.706mmol) and potassium carbonate (293 mg, 2.12 mmol) in acetonitrile (12mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 hours. It wasthen filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo; silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 0% to 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)afforded the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 226 mg, 0.705 mmol,quantitative. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.99 (br dd,J=8.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.26-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.43 (s, 2H), 2.58 (dd, J=10.7,2.3 Hz, 2H), 2.36-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate (C65)

Conversion of C64 to C65 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. LCMS of intermediate3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, bis(trifluoroaceticacid) salt: m/z 221.1 [M+H]⁺. In this case, purification was carried outvia silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 5% methanol indichloromethane) to afford C65 as a colorless gum. Yield: 150 mg, 0.302mmol, 88% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 497.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1, 1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate (23)

Conversion of C65 to 23 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of 7 from C32 in Example 7. In this case, purification waseffected via reversed phase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm;Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.225%formic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient: 10% to 30% B) to provide theproduct as a colorless gum. Yield: 75 mg, 0.199 mmol, 66%. LCMS m/z377.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31-7.23 (m, 2H, assumed;partially obscured by solvent peak), 7.01 (br dd, J=8.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H),5.33-5.22 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.06-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.83 (m,1H), 3.49-3.43 (m, 2H), 2.69-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.20 (m, 3H), 2.00-1.84(m, 4H).

Example 24 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-hydroxy-4-{[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(24)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-hydroxy-4-[(methylamino)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (C66)

Methylamine (2 M solution in tetrahydrofuran; 0.245 mL, 0.490 mmol) wasadded to a solution of tert-butyl1-oxa-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane-6-carboxylate (95 mg, 0.44 mmol) in ethanol(2 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 20 hours.Concentration in vacuo provided the product as an oil (105 mg); thismaterial was used in the following step without additional purification.

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-hydroxy-4-{[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(C67)

To a solution of C66 (from the previous step; 105 mg, 50.44 mmol) inacetonitrile (2 mL) were added benzenesulfonyl chloride (0.110 mL, 0.862mmol) and potassium carbonate (119 mg, 0.861 mmol). The reaction mixturewas stirred at 25° C. for 3 hours, whereupon it was concentrated invacuo; silica gel chromatography (Eluent: ethyl acetate) afforded theproduct as a gum. Yield: 115 mg, 0.299 mmol, 68% over 2 steps. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.82-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.52 (m,2H), 3.95-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.90 (s,3H), 1.70-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-hydroxy-4-{[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(C68)

Conversion of C67 to C68 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. LCMS of intermediateN-[(4-hydroxypiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide,trifluoroacetic acid salt: m/z 285.0 [M+H]⁺. In this case, purificationwas carried out via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 40% to 60%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether), affording C68 as a colorless gum. By¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of diastereomers.Yield: 130 mg, 0.232 mmol, 78% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 583.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.62 (m, 1H),7.61-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.92-6.84 (m, 2H), 5.55-5.43(m, 1H), 4.51 (AB quartet, upfield doublet is broadened, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz,Δν_(AB)=29 Hz, 2H), 4.07-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.65 (m, 2H), [3.82 (s) and3.77 (s), total 3H], 3.37-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.01-2.79 (m, 2H), [2.91 (s) and2.87 (s), total 3H], 1.75-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.43 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-hydroxy-4-{[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(24)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1.2 mL, 16 mmol) was added drop-wise to a 0° C.solution of C68 (130 mg, 0.232 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes,whereupon saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was added untilthe mixture reached a pH of approximately 8. The organic layer was driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide anoff-white solid; purification via reversed phase HPLC (Column: AgelaDurashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobilephase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 30% to 50% B) afforded the product.Yield: 51.6 mg, 0.117 mmol, 50%. LCMS m/z 463.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.53 (m, 2H),5.31-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.92 (m, 3H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.22 (m,2H), 3.04-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.84-2.74 (br s, 1H), 1.77-1.67(m, 2H), 1.64-1.46 (m, 2H).

Example 25 (2R)-1, 1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (25)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (C69)

To a 30° C. solution of tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (200 mg,1.07 mmol) and potassium carbonate (445 mg, 3.22 mmol) in acetonitrile(8 mL) was added a solution of 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene (203 mg,1.07 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL), in a drop-wise manner. The reactionmixture was stirred for 16 hours at 30° C., whereupon it wasconcentrated in vacuo and purified via chromatography on silica gel(Gradient: 0% to 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to afford theproduct as a colorless gum. Yield: 250 mg, 0.849 mmol, 79%. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.28 (br dd, J=8.2, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (br dd, J=8.8, 8.7Hz, 2H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 3.43 (br dd, J=5, 5 Hz, 4H), 2.37 (br dd, J=5, 5Hz, 4H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (C70)

Conversion of C69 to C70 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. In this case,purification was carried out using preparative thin layer chromatography(Eluent: 3:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford the product as acolorless gum. Yield: 71 mg, 0.15 mmol, 74% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 471.2[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31-7.22 (m, 4H), 7.01 (br dd, J=8.8,8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.53-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.51 (ABquartet, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=27.9 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.76 (dd,half of ABX pattern, J=11.1, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, half of ABX pattern,J=11.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.51-2.36 (m, 4H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (25)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C70 (61 mg,0.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). The reaction mixture was stirredat 25° C. for 1 hour, whereupon it was basified to pH 7 via addition ofsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and extracted withdichloromethane (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried oversodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Preparative thinlayer chromatography (Eluent: 10:1 dichloromethane/methanol) providedthe product as a colorless gum. Yield: 24.2 mg, 69.1 μmol, 53%. LCMS m/z351.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.28 (br dd, J=8.2, 5.6 Hz, 2H),7.02 (br dd, J=8.7, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.30-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.00 (br dd, half ofABX pattern, J=12, 3 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.4, 6.8Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.43 (m, 4H), 3.49 (s, 2H), 2.52-2.34 (m, 4H).

Example 26 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(isoquinolin-1-yloxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate, trifluoroacetic acidsalt (26)

A solution of tert-butyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (30.2 mg,0.15 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) was added to1-chloroisoquinoline (24.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) in a reaction vial. Potassiumtert-butoxide (1 M solution in tetrahydrofuran; 0.45 mL, 0.45 mmol) wasadded, and the reaction mixture was shaken at 60° C. for 18 hours, thenat 100° C. for 1 hour. It was then partitioned between half-saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1.5 mL) and ethyl acetate (2.4 mL)and subjected to vortexing, followed by centrifugation to break up anemulsion. The organic layer was eluted through a solid phase extractioncartridge (6 mL) charged with sodium sulfate (˜1 g); this extractionprocedure was repeated twice, and the combined eluents were concentratedin vacuo. A mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and 1,2-dichloroethane (1:1,1 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was shaken at room temperaturefor 2.5 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo and dissolved in1,2-dichloroethane (2.4 mL) with vortexing. This material was loadedonto an SCX (strong cation exchanger) solid phase extraction cartridge(Silicycle, 6 mL, 1 g); the vial was rinsed with a mixture of methanoland 1,2-dichloroethane (1:1; 2×2.4 mL). The cartridge was eluted withmethanol (5 mL), followed by a solution of triethylamine in methanol (1M, 7.5 mL) to elute the deprotected intermediate. Fractions containingthe desired material were concentrated in vacuo, and the residue wasazeotroped with toluene (2×1 mL) to remove trace methanol. The residuewas dissolved in dichloromethane (0.5 mL).

A crude solution of C2 was prepared separately, as follows:Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (1.89 g, 4.80 mmol) and triethylamine(13.4 ml, 96.1 mmol) were added to a stirring solution of C1 (1.23 g,4.91 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL). Sufficient tetrahydrofuran wasadded to bring the total volume to 32 mL, and the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1 hour. A portion of this crude C2solution (1.0 mL, 0.15 mmol of C2 and 3 mmol of triethylamine) was addedto the deprotected amine solution prepared above, and the reactionmixture was shaken at room temperature overnight. It was thenpartitioned between half-saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution(1.5 mL) and ethyl acetate (2.4 mL) and subjected to vortexing. Theorganic layer was eluted through a solid phase extraction cartridge (6mL) charged with sodium sulfate (˜1 g); this extraction procedure wasrepeated twice, and the combined eluents were concentrated in vacuo.This material was treated with a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and1,2-dichloroethane (1:1, 1 mL) and shaken at room temperature for 1hour, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo and purified using reversedphase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05%trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 20% to 100% B) toafford the product. Yield: 2.5 mg, 6.5 μmol, 4%. LCMS m/z 385.1 [M+H]⁺.Retention time 3.01 minutes [Analytical HPLC conditions—Column: WatersAtlantis dC18, 4.6×50 mm, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroaceticacid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 5.0% to 95% B, linear over 4.0 minutes;Flow rate: 2 mL/minute].

Example 27 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (27)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-{[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C71)

Prop-2-en-1-yl carbonochloridate (9.87 g, 81.9 mmol) was added to a 0°C. solution of tert-butyl3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (14.0 g, 54.6 mmol) insaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (400 mL) andtetrahydrofuran (100 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 22° C. for16 hours, whereupon it was filtered and the filter cake was washed withethyl acetate. The aqueous layer from the combined filtrates wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 mL), and the combined organic layerswere washed with saturated ammonium chloride solution (3×100 mL), driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide theproduct as a yellow oil, which solidified upon standing at roomtemperature. Yield: 18.3 g, 53.8 mmol, 98%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ5.98-5.85 (m, 1H), 5.34-5.27 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.95-4.86 (m,1H), 4.56 (br d, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 4.38-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J=9.5, 5.6Hz, 1H), 3.67 (br dd, J=9.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.24(m, 2H), 2.13 (dd, J=13.3, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.72-1.49 (m, 5H, assumed;partially obscured by water peak), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-{[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C72)

Conversion of C71 to C72 was effected using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. The product was isolatedas a light yellow oil. Yield: 12.6 g, 24.2 mmol, 89% over 2 steps. LCMSm/z 539.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),6.88 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.98-5.85 (m, 1H), 5.53-5.41 (m, 1H),5.35-5.26 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.19 (m, 1H), 5.00-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.62-4.50 (m,3H), 4.46 (d, half of AB quartet, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.26 (m, 1H),4.04-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.62 (m, 4H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.41-3.25 (m, 2H),2.19-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.46 (m, 5H, assumed; partially obscured bywater peak).

Step 3. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C73)

Palladium(II) acetate (520 mg, 2.32 mmol) was added to a solution of C72(12.6 g, 24.2 mmol), 1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (7.62g, 48.8 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (1.92 g, 7.32 mmol) indichloromethane (100 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 35° C. for5 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo and purified via silicagel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in petroleum,followed by a gradient of 0% to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) toafford the product as an orange solid. Yield: 9.40 g, 21.7 mmol, 90%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (br d, J=8.5 Hz,2H), 5.53-5.41 (m, 1H), 4.50 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=26.7Hz, 2H), 4.02-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.62 (m, 4H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.17(m, 4H), 2.18-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.59 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.46 (m, 1H).

Step 4. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C74)

A mixture of C73 (100 mg, 0.231 mmol), 2-chloropyridine (52.5 mg, 0.462mmol),[1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)palladium(II)dichloride (15.8 mg, 23.2 μmol), and cesium carbonate (226 mg, 0.694mmol) in toluene (9 mL) was heated at 130° C. for 18 hours. The reactionmixture was filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and subjected topreparative thin layer chromatography (Eluent: ethyl acetate), followedby a second preparative thin layer chromatographic purification [Eluent:(1:1 ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) containing 0.5% ammonium hydroxide]to provide the product as a light yellow gum. Yield: 36 mg, 71 μmol,31%. LCMS m/z 532.2 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.10 (d, J=4 Hz,1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8, 8 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8Hz, 2H), 6.64-6.59 (m, 1H), 6.38 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.53-5.43 (m, 1H),4.64-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.55 (d, half of AB quartet, J=12 Hz, 1H), 4.51-4.40(m, 2H), 4.19-4.12 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.8-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.44-3.31(m, 2H), 2.27-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.51 (m, 5H, assumed; partiallyobscured by water peak).

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1, 1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (27)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C74 (18 mg,35 μmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for45 minutes, whereupon it was treated with aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution (10 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo; purification via reversed phase HPLC (Column:Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water;Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 8% to 28% B) afforded theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 10.0 mg, 25.7 μmol, 73%. LCMS m/z 389.9[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD), characteristic peaks: δ 7.93 (br d, J=5Hz, 1H), 7.42 (br dd, J=8, 7 Hz, 1H), 6.59-6.52 (m, 2H), 5.33-5.24 (m,1H), 4.49-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J=9, 6 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.83 (m, 1H),3.81-3.67 (m, 4H), 2.26 (dd, J=13, 8 Hz, 1H).

Example 28 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-3-thia-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate3,3-dioxide (28)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-({[(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate(C75)

Pyridine (3.0 mL, 37 mmol) was added to a solution of tert-butyl4-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (2 g, 8.7 mmol) indichloromethane (40 mL), and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. Asolution of chloromethanesulfonyl chloride (0.930 mL, 10.2 mmol) indichloromethane (40 mL) was then added drop-wise over 25 minutes, andthe reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 5 minutes beforebeing warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. After solventshad been removed in vacuo, the residue was partitioned betweendichloromethane and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. Theaqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane, and the combinedorganic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Silica gel chromatography (Eluents:50%, then 75%, then 90% ethyl acetate in heptane) provided the productas a tacky yellow solid. Yield: 851 mg, 2.48 mmol, 28%. LCMS m/z 341.5[M−H+]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.28 (br t, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (s,2H), 3.83 (br ddd, J=13.6, 4, 4 Hz, 2H), 3.24-3.15 (m, 4H), 1.69-1.61(m, 2H), 1.56 (ddd, J=13.5, 11.1, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl1-oxa-3-thia-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 3,3-dioxide (C76)

A solution of C75 (360 mg, 1.05 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (7 mL) wascooled to 0° C. and treated with sodium hydride (60% suspension inmineral oil; 109 mg, 2.72 mmol). After the reaction mixture had beenstirred for two days at room temperature, more sodium hydride (60%suspension in mineral oil; 109 mg, 2.72 mmol) was added, and stirringwas continued for 2 days at room temperature. Saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride solution was added, and the mixture was diluted with ethylacetate; the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 25% to 50% ethylacetate in heptane) afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 430mg, assumed quantitative. GCMS m/z 306.1 [M+]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ4.67 (s, 2H), 4.63 (br t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.45 (br d,J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (br dd, J=12, 11 Hz, 2H), 2.08-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.49(ddd, J=14.0, 11.8, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-3-thia-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate3,3-dioxide (C77)

A mixture of C76 (100 mg, 0.326 mmol), sodium iodide (74 mg, 0.49 mmol),cesium carbonate (319 mg, 0.979 mmol), and acetonitrile (3 mL) wastreated with 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene (63 μL, 0.51 mmol) andstirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was thenfiltered through diatomaceous earth, and the filter pad was rinsed withacetonitrile. The combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo, and theresidue was purified twice via silica gel chromatography (#1-Gradient:10% to 33% ethyl acetate in heptane; #2-dichloromethane as eluent,followed by a gradient of 5% to 33% ethyl acetate in heptane) to affordthe product as a white solid. Yield: 128 mg, 0.309 mmol, 95%. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.32-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.07 (br dd, J=8.6, 8.6 Hz, 2H),4.68 (s, 2H), 4.27-4.17 (br s, 2H), 3.74-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.14-2.99 (m,4H), 2.04-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.33 (ddd, J=14.1, 11.3, 4.6 Hz,2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-3-thia-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate3,3-dioxide (C78)

Conversion of C77 to C78 was effected using the method described forsynthesis of C34 from C33 in Examples 8 and 9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD)of intermediate4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-3-thia-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane 3,3-dioxide,trifluoroacetic acid salt, δ 7.44-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.11 (br dd, J=8.8, 8.8Hz, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.26 (br s, 2H), 3.24-3.17 (m, 2H), 3.23 (s, 2H),3.17-3.08 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.26 (m, 2H), 1.58 (ddd, J=15, 13, 5 Hz, 2H);LCMS m/z 315.3 [M+H]⁺. In this case, purification was effected viachromatography on silica gel (Eluents: 10%, then 25%, then 50% ethylacetate in heptane), affording C78 as a tacky white solid. Yield: 156mg, 0.264 mmol, 85%. LCMS m/z 613.1 [M+Na⁺] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.29 (br dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 7.26-7.16 (br m, 2H), 7.07 (br dd,J=8.6, 8.6, 2H), 6.91-6.81 (br m, 2H), 5.49-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.63 (m,2H), 4.55-4.39 (m, 2H), 4.33-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.7 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s,3H), 3.73 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=11.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (dd, halfof ABX pattern, J=11.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.22-2.99 (m, 4H), 2.12-1.91 (m,2H), 1.40-1.23 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-3-thia-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate3,3-dioxide (28)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added portion-wise to a 0° C. solutionof C78 (151 mg, 0.256 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). The reactionmixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, whereupon it wasconcentrated in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and ethyl acetate. The organic layerwas dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated under reducedpressure, and chromatographed on silica gel (Eluents: 10%, then 25%,then 50% ethyl acetate in heptane) to afford the product as a tackywhite solid. Yield: 109 mg, 0.232 mmol, 91%. LCMS m/z 471.4 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30 (br dd, J=8.5, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (br dd,J=8.6, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.27-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.74-4.63 (m, 2H), 4.34-4.13 (m,2H), 3.98 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.73 (m,3H), 3.27-3.01 (m, 4H), 2.15-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.3 (m, 2H).

Example 29 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(29)

MicroCyp® Reaction Buffer mix (Codexis; 519.0 mg) was mixed withdeionized water (28.1 mL) to provide a buffer solution containing NADP⁺,glucose, glucose dehydrogenase, and potassium phosphate. Compound 6 (6.0mg, 13 μmol) was dissolved in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (0.72 mL)and the buffer solution (0.24 mL).

MCYP-P1.2-B12 (Codexis; 6.8 mg, 0.72 nmol/mg) was treated with thebuffer solution prepared above (27.4 mL), followed by the solution of 6prepared above. The reaction mixture was divided in half (14.2 mL each)and transferred into two 25 mL glass vials; the reaction mixtures wereleft open to the atmosphere and shaken on an orbital shaker (30° C., 225rpm) for 24 hours. The combined reaction mixtures contained:

[MCYP-P1.2-B12]=0.24 mg/mL (0.17 μM, 6.8 mg, 4.89 nmol)

[6]=0.21 mg/mL (0.44 mM, 6.0 mg, 13 μmol)

2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide

[NADP⁺]=0.75 mg/mL (0.99 mM, 21.5 mg, 28.1 μmol)

[Glucose]=3.55 mg/mL (19.7 mM, 100.8 mg, 559.7 μmol)

[Glucose dehydrogenase]=0.39 mg/mL (11.2 mg)

0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0

After 24 hours, the crude reaction mixtures were combined and purifiedvia reversed phase HPLC (Column: Phenomenex Luna (2) C18, 5 μm; Mobilephase A: 0.1% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.1% formic acid inacetonitrile; Gradient: 50% to 100% B) to afford the product as a solid(3.0 mg), presumed to be a mixture of diastereomers. 1-Dimensional and2-dimensional NMR spectroscopic studies established the regiochemistryof oxidation as shown for 29. The ¹H NMR indicated that some impuritieswere present; peaks belonging to the product were identified via 2D NMR.Yield, corrected by quantitative NMR: 1.6 mg, 3.3 μmol, 25%. LCMS m/z469.2 [(M−H₂O)+H]⁺ and 509.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆),characteristic peaks: δ 7.93-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.42 (br dd, J=8.9, 8.8 Hz,2H), 5.25-5.17 (m, 1H), 5.17 (br s, 1H), 3.83-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.53(m, 5H), 3.26-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.19 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (d, J=12.0 Hz,1H), 1.53-1.41 (m, 2H).

Example 30(2R)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-[({(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (30)

Step 1. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C79)

Diphosphoryl tetrachloride (98%, 850 μL, 6.02 mmol) was added to a 0° C.solution of 15 (560 mg, 1.20 mmol) in acetonitrile (7.5 mL), and thereaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hours, whereupon it waspoured into ice. After it had been stirred at room temperature for 1.75hours, the resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo to removeacetonitrile. The aqueous residue was extracted 4 times with ethylacetate, and the combined organic layers were dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultingclear oil was treated with diethyl ether and again concentrated invacuo; this diethyl ether treatment was repeated, affording the productas a white solid. Yield: 510 mg, 0.933 mmol, 78%. LCMS m/z 547.2 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.85-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.70-7.65 (m, 1H),7.63-7.57 (m, 2H), 5.53-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.75-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.16 (m,2H), 3.80 (dd, J=10.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.55 (dd, J=10.1,5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.18 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solventpeak), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.91 (br dd, J=13.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.57 (m,3H), 1.51 (dd, J=13.5, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.48-1.37 (m, 1H).

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-3, 3,3-trifluoro-2-[({(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (30)

To a solution of C79 (820 mg, 1.50 mmol) in ethanol (9 mL) was addedaqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 M; 2.9 mL, 2.9 mmol) and thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Ethanol(10 mL) was added, and the mixture was concentrated in vacuo; thisethanol treatment was repeated three times; the resulting solid waswashed with ethanol and collected via filtration, affording the productas a white solid. Yield: 660 mg, 1.12 mmol, 75%. LCMS m/z 547.2 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.85-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.60(m, 2H), 5.46-5.36 (m, 1H), 4.78-4.65 (m, 1H, assumed; partiallyobscured by solvent peak), 4.15-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.07-3.99 (m, 1H), 3.85(dd, J=10, 8 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.25 (m, 5H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.94 (dd, J=13.6,9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.79-1.57 (m, 3H), 1.57-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.49 (dd, J=13.7, 6.7Hz, 1H).

Example 31(2R)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-[({(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (31)

Step 1. Synthesis of dibenzyl (2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropylphosphate (C80)

(2R)-2-(Trifluoromethyl)oxirane (14.85 g, 132.5 mmol) was added todibenzyl hydrogen phosphate (99%, 10.8 g, 38.4 mmol) in an amber bottle,and the thick slurry was heated in a 65° C. oil bath for 25 hours.Excess (2R)-2-(trifluoromethyl)oxirane was removed via concentration invacuo. The resulting oil was diluted with dichloromethane (10 mL) andsubjected to silica gel chromatography (Eluents: 5%, then 10%, then 15%,then 20% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane) to afford a pale yellow oil,which was treated with heptane (90 mL) and vigorously stirred. Theresulting solids were allowed to granulate for 1.5 hours, whereupon theywere collected via filtration and washed with heptane (38 mL), affordingthe product as a white solid. Yield: 9.11 g, 23.3 mmol, 61%. Meltingpoint: ˜45° C. by differential scanning calorimetry. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃CN) δ 7.42-7.34 (m, 10H), 5.06 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 4H), 4.27-4.14 (m, 2H),4.14-4.05 (m, 1H).

Step 2. Synthesis ofN-[(3R)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]benzenesulfonamide,trifluoroacetic acid salt (C81)

Conversion of C48 (1.3 g, 3.3 mmol) to C81 was carried out using themethod described for synthesis of C10 from C9 in Example 1. The productwas obtained as a colorless oil, and taken on without additionalpurification. The ¹H NMR indicated that the product was impure. Yield:2.17 g, assumed quantitative. LCMS m/z 297.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃), product peaks only: δ 7.89-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.62 (m, 1H),7.60-7.54 (m, 2H), 3.98-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.88 (dd, half of ABX pattern,J=9.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (br dd, J=9.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.24 (m, 4H),2.05 (dd, J=13.6, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 1.99-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.81 (m, 1H),1.81-1.71 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of(2R)-3-{[bis(benzyloxy)phosphoryl]oxy}-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C82)

Compound C80 (1.90 g, 4.87 mmol) was added to a solution of1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (790 mg, 4.87 mmol) in acetonitrile (23 mL).The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 1.5 hours at roomtemperature, whereupon a solution of C81 (from the previous step, 2.00g) in acetonitrile (2 mL) was added in a drop-wise manner over 1 minute.After the reaction mixture had been stirred for an additional 5 hours atroom temperature, it was partitioned between ethyl acetate (250 mL) andwater (250 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo; silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 30% to 80% ethyl acetate in heptane) provided the product asa colorless oil. Yield: 2.02 g. 2.83 mmol, 66% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z713.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.88 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H),7.64-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 10H), 5.46-5.36 (m,1H), 5.09-4.96 (m, 4H), 4.73-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.99-3.86(m, 1H), 3.85-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.56-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.14 (m, 2H),1.99-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.45 (m, 4H), 1.44-1.3 (m, 1H).

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C83)

A solution of C82 (1.80 g, 2.53 mmol) in methanol (50 mL) was treatedwith 10% palladium on carbon (180 mg) and hydrogenated at 25 psi using aParr reactor for 4 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture wasfiltered through diatomaceous earth, and the filtrate was concentratedin vacuo to provide an oil, which was taken up in methanol (20 mL) andagain concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was obtained as abrittle foam. Yield: 1.14 g, 2.14 mmol, 85%. LCMS m/z 533.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.87 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.63-7.57 (m, 1H),7.56-7.49 (m, 2H), 5.53-5.41 (m, 1H), 4.39-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.98-3.18 (m,7H), 2.06-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.43 (m, 5H).

Step 5. Synthesis of(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (31)

Sodium tert-butoxide (2 M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 1.98 mL, 3.96mmol) was added drop-wise over 5 minutes to a 0° C. solution of C83(1.08 g, 2.03 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL), and the reaction mixturewas allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 2 hours. Theresulting solid was collected on a Teflon filter, affording the productas a white solid. Yield: 1.02 g, 1.77 mmol, 87%. LCMS m/z 532.9 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.90 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.77-7.71 (m, 1H), 7.66(br dd, J=8, 8 Hz, 2H), 5.47-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.86(m, 3H), 3.68-3.31 (m, 5H), 2.08-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.49 (m, 5H).

Example 32 (2R)-3,3, 3-Trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (32)

Step 1. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C84)

4-Methylmorpholine (14.5 mL, 132 mmol) was added to a solution of 6(12.3 g, 26.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (750 mL) and the reaction mixturewas cooled to −10° C. in an ice-salt bath. Phosphorus oxychloride (2.9mL, 31 mmol) was added over 1 minute with vigorous stirring, and thereaction mixture was allowed to stir at −10° C. for one hour, whereuponit was poured into ice water (500 mL) and stirred for 1.5 hours toensure complete quench of excess reagent. After concentration of themixture to approximately one-half its original volume, the remainingliquid was extracted with ethyl acetate (1 L), and the organic layer waswashed sequentially with aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M; 3×300 mL) andwith saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the product as abrittle foam (15.0 g) containing some ethyl acetate by ¹H NMR analysis.Yield, corrected for ethyl acetate: 14.2 g, 25.8 mmol, 99%. LCMS m/z550.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ 7.81-7.73(m, 2H), 5.57-5.48 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.20 (m, 1H),3.97-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.35-3.11 (m, 2H), 3.06-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.72 (m,2H), 2.03-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.46 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-3, 3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (32)

A stirring solution of C84 (20.0 g, 36.3 mmol) in water (1.2 L) wastreated with solid sodium bicarbonate until the pH of the mixture wasapproximately 7. The mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (500 mL), andthe aqueous layer was acidified to pH 1.5-2 via portion-wise addition ofconcentrated hydrochloric acid. It was then extracted with ethyl acetate(1.5 L); the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to provide a white solid (20 g). This material wasdissolved in acetonitrile (600 mL), cooled to 0° C., and treated in adrop-wise manner over 5 minutes with a solution of sodium tert-butoxidein tetrahydrofuran (2 M; 35.4 mL, 70.9 mmol). After the reaction hadstirred for one hour at 0° C., it was concentrated under reducedpressure to afford a solid (21.4 g). This material was mixed withethanol (30 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes,whereupon the solid was collected via filtration to provide the productas a solid (21.3 g) that contained some solvents via ¹H NMR analysis.Yield, corrected for solvents: 20.8 g, 35.0 mmol, 96%. LCMS m/z 551.3[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.9, 8.7Hz, 2H), 5.46-5.39 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.94 (m, 1H),3.93-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J=5.0, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.78-3.65 (m, 1H),3.34-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.97-2.85 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.81 (m,2H), 1.75-1.51 (m, 2H).

Alternate Synthesis of Example 32 (2R)-3, 3,3-Trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (32)

Step 1. Synthesis of4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,para-toluenesulfonic acid salt (C85)

Potassium carbonate (24.0 g, 174 mmol) was added to a solution oftert-butyl 4-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (5.00 g,21.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (35 mL), and the reaction mixture was allowedto stir for 5 minutes. A solution of 4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride(4.31 g, 22.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) was slowly added over fiveminutes, and the resulting suspension was stirred at 25° C.; after 1hour, 1,2-dibromoethane (7.50 mL, 87.0 mmol) was added, and the reactionmixture was heated at 80° C. for 27 hours, whereupon it was cooled to25° C. and filtered. The reaction flask was rinsed with acetonitrile(2×18 mL), and the combined filtrates were concentrated under reducedpressure and diluted with ethyl acetate (72 mL). para-Toluenesulfonicacid monohydrate (8.38 g, 44.0 mmol) was added in one portion, and thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes, until asolution was obtained. It was then heated at 50° C. for 1.5 hours, atwhich point it was cooled to 25° C. and stirred for 2 hours to granulatethe precipitate. This material was collected via filtration and rinsedwith ethyl acetate, affording the product as a white solid. Yield: 7.26g, 14.9 mmol, 69%. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.84 (br dd, J=8, 5 Hz,2H), 7.71 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (br dd, J=8.5, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.24(br d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (dd, J=5.0, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.26-3.20 (m, 2H),3.19-3.12 (m, 2H), 3.03-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.86 (br s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H),2.20 (br d, J=14.4 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.67 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-3-{[bis(benzyloxy)phosphoryl]oxy}-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C86)

A solution of C80 (28.0 g, 71.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (75 mL) was addedover 15 minutes to a mixture of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (97%, 12.6 g,77.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (93 mL). The C80 solution was rinsed in withacetonitrile (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. Compound C85 (37.0 g, 76.0 mmol) was addedin one portion, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 6hours, whereupon the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was mixed with ethyl acetate (520 mL), and the mixture waswashed twice with water (2×260 mL), then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was dissolved in a mixture of ethyl acetate andheptane (1:1, 206 mL) and eluted through a pad of silica gel (150 g)using a mixture of ethyl acetate and heptane (1:1, 1.3 L). Fractionscontaining the product were combined and concentrated under reducedpressure to provide the product. Yield: 42.1 g, 57.6 mmol, 80%. ¹H NMR(600 MHz, CD₃CN) δ 7.80-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.34 (m, 10H), 7.34 (dd,J=8.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.46 (m, 1H), 5.09-4.99 (m, 4H), 4.35-4.21 (m,2H), 3.77-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.16-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.96-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.63(m, 2H), 1.86-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.26 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C84)

A solution of C86 (2.0 grams, 2.7 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (26 mL) wasadded to 5% palladium on carbon (Evonik Noblyst P1142; 40 mg) in aBiotage Atlantis reactor. Additional tetrahydrofuran (4.0 mL) was usedto rinse the vessel containing starting material; this was added to thereaction mixture. The reactor was purged three times with nitrogen whilethe reaction mixture was stirred, and then three times with hydrogenwithout stirring. The hydrogen pressure was brought to 5 psig at 25° C.,and then to 15 psig. The agitation was increased to 1200 rpm for 4hours, whereupon the reactor was purged three times with nitrogen, andthe reaction mixture was filtered. The filter cake was rinsed withtetrahydrofuran (20 mL), the combined filtrates were concentrated invacuo, and the residue was dissolved in tert-butyl methyl ether (300 mL)and concentrated again. This dissolution/concentration was repeated,affording the product as a white foam. Yield: 1.35 g, 2.45 mmol, 91%.

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-3, 3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (32)

Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 M, 12.0 mL, 12.0 mmol) was addeddrop-wise over 1 minute to a solution of C84 (97%, 3.50 g, 6.17 mmol) inethanol (35.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 1.5 hours; ethanol (120 mL) was added, and stirring was continuedfor 30 minutes, whereupon the reaction mixture was filtered. The filtercake was washed with ethanol (25 mL) to provide the product as a whitesolid. Yield: 2.88 g, 4.84 mmol, 78%. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.85 (brdd, J=7, 5 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (br dd, J=9, 8 Hz, 2H), 5.47-5.39 (m, 1H),4.12-4.06 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.84 (br dd,J=5, 4 Hz, 2H), 3.35-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.98-2.86 (m, 2H),2.00-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.52 (m, 2H).

Example 33 (2R)-3,3, 3-Trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, (bis)-L-lysine salt (33)

A solution of L-lysine (3.63 g, 24.8 mmol) in water (14 mL) was added toa solution of C84 (7.00 g, 12.7 mmol) in methanol (56 mL). The lysinesolution was rinsed in with water (3 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature. Methanol (280 mL) was added to improvestirring of the slurry, and stirring was continued at room temperaturefor 1 hour. The reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 30minutes, then cooled to 0° C. to 5° C. with stirring. After being heldat 0° C. for 30 minutes, it was warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 30 minutes, whereupon it was filtered through a Büchner funnel. Thecollected material was washed with methanol (140 mL) to afford a whitesolid (9.44 g). The bulk of this material (8.44 g) was slurried inmethanol (140 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, whereuponit was filtered through a Büchner funnel, providing the product as awhite solid. Yield: 8.24 g, 9.77 mmol, 86% (corrected for material thatwas removed prior to reslurry). LCMS m/z 551.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,D₂O) δ 7.88-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.38 (br dd, J=8.8, 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.48-5.38 (m,1H), 4.13-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.03-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.84 (brdd, J=5.0, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.79-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J=6.2, 6.0 Hz, 2H),3.36-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J=7.7, 7.5 Hz, 4H),2.95-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.81 (m, 6H), 1.76-1.54 (m, 6H), 1.54-1.34 (m,4H).

Example 34 (2R)-3,3, 3-Trifluoro-2-[({4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (34)

Step 1. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate(C87)

Diphosphoryl tetrachloride (2.63 mL, 19.0 mmol) was added drop-wise over5 minutes to a 0° C. solution of 11 (1.74 g, 3.70 mmol) in acetonitrile(20 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hours,whereupon it was poured into ice (20 g) and stirred at room temperaturefor 1.75 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and theaqueous residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) andaqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M; 10 mL); the organic layer was washedsequentially with aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M; 10 mL) and saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (2×10 mL), then dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting thick oilwas taken up in water (75 mL), basified via addition of saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and solid sodium bicarbonate, andwashed with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The pH of the aqueous layer was thenadjusted to ˜2 using concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the product wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was mixed with ethyl acetate and filtered through a 0.45 μmmembrane filter; the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure toprovide the product as a white solid. Yield: 1.36 g, 2.47 mmol, 67%.LCMS m/z 551.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.76-7.70 (m, 1H),7.65-7.55 (m, 3H), 5.50-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.13-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.77-3.63 (m,4H), 3.21-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.98-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.73 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.71(m, 2H), 1.62-1.38 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-3, 3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propylphosphate, disodium salt (34)

Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 M, 4.78 mL, 4.78 mmol) was addeddrop-wise over 3 minutes to a solution of C87 (1.35 g, 2.45 mmol) inethanol (15 mL), and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at roomtemperature for 1 hour. Ethanol (50 mL) was then added to thesuspension, which was allowed to stir for 5 minutes before beingfiltered. The filter cake was rinsed with ethanol (10 mL) to afford theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 1.01 g, 1.70 mmol, 69%. LCMS m/z 551.1[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.67 (ddd, half of ABXY pattern, J=8.0,7.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (ddd, half of ABXY pattern, J=7.8, 1.4, 1.3 Hz,1H), 7.60-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.49 (dddd, J=8.7, 8.0, 2.5, 1 Hz, 1H),5.47-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.64 (m,2H), 3.84 (dd, J=5.2, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.36-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.01 (m, 2H),3.01-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.50 (m, 2H).

Method A

Method A describes a specific synthetic method for preparations ofcertain exemplar compounds of the invention.

Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl4-(R⁷⁰-sulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylateanalogues (MA-2) via sulfonylation of C31 followed by deprotection

A solution of the sulfonic acid MA-1 (0.15 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (0.15 mL) was treated with thionyl chloride (0.12ml, 1.6 mmol), and the reaction mixture was heated with shaking at 50°C. for 16 hours. Volatiles were removed using a Genevac evaporator;1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was added, and the mixture was concentratedagain. A solution of C31 (25.9 mg, 60.0 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.5mL) was added to the crude sulfonyl chloride, followed byN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.225 mL, 1.29 mmol), and the reactionmixture was shaken overnight at room temperature. It was thenpartitioned between half-saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution(1.5 mL) and ethyl acetate (2.4 mL) and subjected to vortexing. Theorganic layer was eluted through a solid phase extraction cartridge (6mL) charged with sodium sulfate (˜1 g); this extraction procedure wasrepeated twice, and the combined eluents were concentrated in vacuo. Amixture of trifluoroacetic acid and 1,2-dichloroethane (1:1, 1 mL) wasadded, and the reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 2hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo and subjected topurification via reversed phase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm;Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phaseB: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 5% to100% B).

TABLE 6 Method of synthesis, structure, and physicochemical propertiesfor Examples 35-91. Method of Synthesis; Non- ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ;Mass commercial spectrum, observed ion m/z [M + H]⁺ or Example startingHPLC retention time; Mass spectrum m/z Number materials Structure [M +H]⁺ (unless otherwise indicated) 35 Footnotes^(1,2)

8.25 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.33-5.22 (m, 1H),4.34-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.06-3.99 (m, 1H), 3.89 (br dd, half of ABX pattern,J = 12, 7 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.74 (m, 8H), 3.08-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.68 (tt, J =11.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.99-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.69 (m, 2H); 405.1 36C19^(3,4)

By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.03 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.20 (brdd, J = 8.9, 8.5 Hz, 2H), [6.27 (d, J = 2.5 Hz) and 6.26 (d, J = 2.5Hz), total 1H], 5.50-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.33 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.76 (m, 2H),3.63-3.55 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.01 (m, 2H), [1.77 (dd, J = 3.6, 3.5 Hz) and1.72 (dd, J = 3.4, 3.4 Hz), total 1H]; 468.0 37 Example 3⁵; C6, C17

By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.51 (br d, J = 5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (ddd, J = 7.8, 7.8,1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (ddd, J = 7.3, 5.0, 0.6 Hz,1H), 7.03-6.98 (m, 1H), [6.11 (d, J = 2.3 Hz) and 6.10 (d, J = 2.4 Hz),total 1H], 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32-5.22 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.71 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.52 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.91 (m, 2H), [1.76 (dd, J = 3.5, 3.4 Hz) and 1.70(dd, J = 3.6, 3.4 Hz), total 1H]; 396.9 38 Example 6^(6,7); C13

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.58 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (d, J = 2.4 Hz,1H), 5.35-5.26 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.01(m, 2H), 3.88 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12, 4 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd,half of ABX pattern, J = 12.4, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.60- 3.51 (m, 2H),3.13-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.87 (m, 6H), 1.76-1.53 (m,2H); 391.9 39 Examples 19, 20 and 21; C19, C59

By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers. ¹H NMR(600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.33-8.30 (m, 1H), 7.81-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.30 (br dd,J = 8.9, 8.8 Hz, 2H), [6.33 (d, J = 2.4 Hz) and 6.31 (d, J = 2.4 Hz),total 1H], 5.88-5.83 (m, 1H), 5.82-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.56 (m, 6H),2.06-1.98 (m, 2H), [1.82 (dd, J = 3.4, 3.4 Hz) and 1.76 (dd, J = 3.4,3.3 Hz), total 1H]; 450.2 40 Example 13; C17

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.94-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 2H),5.29-5.18 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.68- 3.51 (m,2H), 3.49-3.25 (m, 3H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),3.21- 3.00 (m, 3H), 2.96-2.82 (m, 2H); 426.9 41 Example 6⁸; C2

7.32-7.21 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),7.05-6.95 (m, 2H), 5.27-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.03-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.80 (m,1H), 3.55-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.40 (br s, 2H), 3.35-3.16 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.32(m, 3H), 2.21-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.41 (m, 6H, assumed; partiallyobscured by water peak), 1.41-1.30 (m, 2H); 419.2 42 Example 23; C23, C2

7.31-7.23 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 7.01 (brdd, J = 8.8, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.28-5.18 (m, 1H), 3.99 (br dd, half of ABXpattern, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.77 (m, 3H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.33-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 2H),2.13-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.36 (m, 2H); 421.1 43 Example 13⁹; C23, C2

7.31-7.23 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 7.01 (brdd, J = 8.8, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.27-5.18 (m, 1H), 4.02- 3.95 (m, 1H),3.90-3.69 (m, 5H), 3.36-3.13 (m, 3H), 2.69-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.05 (m,5H), 1.98-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.3 (m, 2H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H);435.2 44 Example 13¹⁰

7.26 (br dd, J = 8.5, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (br dd, J = 8.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H),5.28-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.03- 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.67 (m, 5H), 3.33-3.14 (m,3H), 2.65-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.05 (m, 3H), 2.02-1.84(m, 1H), 1.44-1.32 (m, 2H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H); 435.2 45 Example13¹⁰

7.30-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.00 (br dd, J = 8.7, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.27-5.17 (m, 1H),4.02-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.67 (m, 5H), 3.32-3.12 (m, 3H), 2.68-2.53 (m,1H), 2.36-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.24- 2.05 (m, 3H), 1.98-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.32(m, 2H), 1.28 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H); 435.2 46 Example 24¹¹; C2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.42-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.02 (br dd, J = 8.5, 8.5Hz, 2H), 5.33- 5.22 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.72 (m, 6H),3.3-3.12 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 2.83-2.71(m, 1H), 2.55 (s, 2H), 1.78-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.67- 1.43 (m, 6H); 479.1 47Example 13; C2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.95-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.32 (br dd, J = 8.8, 8.8Hz, 2H), 5.33- 5.24 (m, 1H), 4.21-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.88 (br dd, half of ABXpattern, J = 12, 4 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.3, 6.7Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.77 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.79-1.61 (m, 3H),1.24-1.01 (m, 2H); 429.0 48 Example 14; C2

By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers. [8.01(d, J = 6.0 Hz) and 7.96 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), total 1H], 6.35-6.23 (m, 2H),5.32-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.03-3.64 (m, 7H), 3.61-3.38 (m, 3H), 3.18-3.07 (m,2H), 1.93-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.22-1.11 (m, 2H), 0.92- 0.83 (m, 2H); 386.0 49Example 13; C23, C2

5.32-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.04- 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.80 (m,3H), 3.76 (br dd, J = 4.9, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.45-3.32 (m, 4H), 3.32- 3.10(m, 5H), 2.53-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.80 (m, 6H), 1.60-1.43 (m, 2H); 461.150 Example 23¹²; C2

7.31-7.23 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 7.00 (brdd, J = 8.5, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.27-5.18 (m, 1H), 4.18- 3.95 (m, 5H),3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.35-3.26 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.59 (m, 3H),2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.35 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.73 (m, 2H),1.70-1.46 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),1.09-0.92 (m, 2H); 463.2 51 Example 13; C23, C2

7.63-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.18 (dd, J = 9.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.31-5.21 (m, 1H),4.06-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.82 (m, 3H), 3.80 (br dd, J = 5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2H),3.32-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.09-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.43-2.24 (m,1H), 2.37 (br s, 3H), 2.05-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.43 (m, 2H, assumed;partially obscured by water peak); 485.1 52 Example 13; C23, C2

7.59 (ddd, J = 9.2, 7.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.38 (ddd, J =9.0, 8.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.32-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.96- 3.83(m, 3H), 3.81 (dd, J = 4.9, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.95(m, 2H), 2.89- 2.75 (m, 2H), 2.5-2.2 (br m, 1H), 2.05-1.92 (m, 2H),1.6-1.43 (m, 2H); 489.1 53 Example 13; C2

8.42 (br s, 1H), 7.79 (br d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H),5.41-5.32 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.23 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.93- 3.72 (m,3H), 3.59-3.40 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.12-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.75(m, 2H); 403.0 54 Method A

1.65 minutes¹³; 488.2 55 Method A

1.65 minutes¹³; 482.1 56 Method A

1.63 minutes¹³; 485.1 57 Example 10; C2

7.97-7.92 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.39 (m, 1H), 6.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H),5.32-5.20 (m, 2H), 4.02 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H),3.89 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.5, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.88-3.72 (m, 2H),3.57-3.41 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.73 (m, 2H,assumed; partially obscured by water peak); 348.9 58 Example 10; C2

8.46 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H),5.32-5.22 (m, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 4.05-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.73 (m, 3H),3.63-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.87 (m, 4H); 430.1 59 Example 13;C23, C2

7.72 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 8.0, 1.6Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, half of AB quartet, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.31-5.21 (m,1H), 4.06-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.82 (m, 3H), 3.80 (dd, J = 5.0, 4.8 Hz,2H), 3.32-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.48 (s,3H), 2.39-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.44 (m, 2H, assumed;partially obscured by water peak); 523.1 [M + Na⁺] 60 Example 13; C23,C2

7.82 (dd, J = 6.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (ddd, J = 8.6, 4.3, 2.3 Hz, 1H),7.34 (dd, J = 8.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.31-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 1H),3.96-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.81 (dd, J = 5.0, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.13 (m, 2H),3.11-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.93 (m,2H), 1.6-1.45 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak); 527.1[M + Na⁺] 61 Example 10; C2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.73 (br s, 1H), 7.34 (br s, 1H), 5.36-5.27(m, 1H), 5.27-5.19 (m, 1H), 3.89 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.4, 3.8Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.79 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.4, 6.6Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.44 (m, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.92 (m,2H), 1.86-1.68 (m, 2H), 363.0 62 Example 13¹⁴; C2

7.84-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.7, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.31-5.20 (m, 1H),4.28-4.12 (m, 2H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.88 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J =12.5, 7 Hz, 1H), 2.96-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.88-1.75 (m, 3H),1.30- 1.15 (m, 2H); 443.1 63 Example 10; C2

8.33-8.30 (m, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.50-5.41 (m, 1H),5.33-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.07- 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.54 (m,4H), 2.38-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.87 (m, 3H); 437.0 64 Example 10¹⁵; C2

8.21 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J = 5.3,1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.80-6.78 (m, 1H), 6.41 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.39-5.31 (m,1H), 5.31-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.03 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12, 3 Hz,1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.92-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.90 (dd, J = 13, 7 Hz, 1H),3.59-3.42 (m, 2H), 2.12-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.79 (m, 2H); 415.1 65Example 10¹⁶; C2

7.65 (dd, J = 7.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J =7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.37-5.24 (m, 2H), 4.21 (s, 3H), 4.06-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.69 (m, 3H),3.62-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.95- 1.83 (m,2H); 415.1 66 C31¹⁷

3.22 minutes¹⁸; 495 67 Example 7¹⁹; C31

7.42-7.30 (m, 5H), 5.30-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.58- 4.49 (m, 1H), 4.24 (d, J =5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.04- 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.77 (m, 3H), 3.71 (dd, J = 4.9,4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.09 (m, 4H), 2.95 (br s, 2H), 2.44-2.30 (m, 1H),1.98-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.36 (m, 2H); 481.9 68 Example 7²⁰; C31

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.73 (br AB quartet, J_(AB) = 8.5 Hz, Δv_(AB)= 22.4 Hz, 4H), 5.33-5.24 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.73 (m, 7H), 3.3- 3.14 (m, 2H),3.05-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.45 (m,2H); 477.5 69 Example 3; C6, C17

By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers. 8.39(d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83(d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), [6.20 (d, J = 2.3 Hz) and 6.19 (d, J = 2.3 Hz),total 1H], 5.31- 5.21 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H),3.92-3.81 (m, 3H), 3.66-3.58 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.84 (m,1H); 413.0 70 Example 18^(21,22); C2

By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers.7.84-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.20 (br dd, J = 8.5, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.31-5.21 (m, 1H),4.04-3.63 (m, 7H), 3.54-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.31-2.96 (m, 3H), 2.59-2.47 (m,1H), 1.62-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.04-0.91 (m, 3H); 485.0 71 Example 18^(21,22);C2

By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged to be a mixture of rotamers.7.84-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.21 (br dd, J = 8.8, 8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.31-5.19 (m, 1H),4.04-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.63 (m, 6H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.32-2.99 (m,3H), 2.60-2.43 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.48- 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.03-0.91(m, 3H); 485.0 72 Example 13^(23,24); C2

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.32 (br dd, J = 8.4, 5.7 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (brdd, J = 9.0, 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.26-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 3.77-3.71 (m,1H), 3.71-3.61 (m, 3H), 3.38- 3.24 (m, 2H, assumed; obscured by waterpeak), 3.24-3.20 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.63 (m, 4H); 421.2 73 C31²⁵

3.20 minutes²⁶; 485 74 Example 7²⁷; C31

8.59-8.54 (m, 1H), 7.75-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.30- 7.23 (m, 2H, assumed;partially obscured by solvent peak), 5.75 (br t, J = 5 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.04- 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.77(m, 3H), 3.74-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.11 (m, 4H), 3.04-2.98 (m, 2H),1.98-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.33 (m, 2H); 483.0 75 Example 26; C2

1.72 minutes¹³; 365.1 76 Example 27; C31

8.15 (s, 2H), 5.31-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.72 (m, 7H),3.72-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.37 (br s, 1H), 2.13 (s,3H), 1.96-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.48 (m, 2H); 405.0 77 C31¹⁷

3.26 minutes²⁶; 481 78 C31¹⁷

3.30 minutes²⁶; 511 79 Example 68; C31

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.83 (br s, 1H), 7.80-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.62 (dd,J = 7.9, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.33-5.24 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.76 (m, 6H), 3.75 (s,1H), 3.29-3.14 (m, 2H), 3.05- 2.94 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.89(m, 2H), 1.65-1.46 (m, 2H); 477.5 80 Example 13²⁸; C2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.14 (br s, 1H), 7.63 (AB quartet, J_(AB) =7.7 Hz, Δv_(AB) = 66.8 Hz, 4H), 6.40 (br s, 1H), 5.36- 5.27 (m, 1H),4.28-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.89 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.4, 3.7 Hz, 1H),3.79 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.3, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (s, 1H),3.18-2.93 (m, 3H), 2.08-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.61 (m, 2H); 408.2 81Example 3; C6, C17

7.84-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.58 (br AB quartet, J_(AB) = 8.3 Hz, Δv_(AB) = 21.3Hz, 4H), 6.24-6.19 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 1H),3.93-3.81 (m, 3H), 3.68-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.02 (m, 2H),1.90-1.84 (m, 1H); 406.0 82 Example 3²⁹; C6

7.82 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (br AB quartet, J_(AB) = 8.6 Hz, Δv_(AB)= 21.2 Hz, 4H), 6.24-6.19 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 1H),3.93-3.81 (m, 3H), 3.69-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.02 (m, 2H),1.90-1.84 (m, 1H); 406.0 83 Example 6; C23, C2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.81-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.63(dd, component of ABC system, J = 7.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.33-5.25 (m, 1H),3.92-3.74 (m, 6H), 3.3-3.12 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured bysolvent peak), 3.04-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 2H),1.64-1.46 (m, 2H); 486.9 84 C31²⁵

3.00 minutes²⁶; 471 85 6^(30,31)

Presumed to be a mixture of diastereomers around the phosphorus atom; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.88-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.37 (br d, J = 9.0, 8.6 Hz,2H), 5.53-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.12 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.94- 3.76(m, 2H), 3.79 (dd, J = 5.1, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.62-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.29-3.12(m, 2H), 3.06- 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.83 (m, 2H),1.67-1.44 (m, 2H); 565.3 86 6^(30,31)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD), characteristic peaks: δ 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.37(dd, J = 8.7, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.59-5.50 (m, 1H), 4.48-4.31 (m, 2H),3.93-3.73 (m, 8H), 3.3-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.76 (m,2H), 2.01-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.47 (m, 2H); 579.3 87 6^(30,32)

Presumed to be a mixture of diastereomers around the phosphorus atom; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8.8, 8.7 Hz,2H), 5.52-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.20- 4.13 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.82(m, 4H), 3.79 (dd, J = 5.1, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.3- 3.12 (m, 2H), 3.06-2.89(m, 2H), 2.89-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.44 (m, 2H),1.31-1.20 (m, 3H); 579.2 88 6^(30,32)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.87-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8.7, 8.6 Hz,2H), 5.58-5.49 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.21-4.07 (m, 4H), 3.93-3.8(m, 2H), 3.80 (dd, J = 5.1, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.3-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.03-2.93 (m,2H), 2.87-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.27(m, 6H); 607.2 89 Example 85³³; 6

Presumed to be a mixture of diastereomers around the phosphorus atom; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8.8, 8.7 Hz,2H), 5.56-5.46 (m, 1H), 4.28- 4.20 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.07 (m, 3H), 3.93-3.82(m, 2H), 3.80 (dd, J = 5.0, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.43- 3.34 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.14(m, 2H), 3.00-2.90 (m, 8H), 2.85-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.89 (m, 2H),1.68-1.44 (m, 2H); 622.5 90 Example 85³⁴; 6

Presumed to be a mixture of diastereomers around the phosphorus atom; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8.7, 8.7 Hz,2H), 5.55-5.46 (m, 1H), 4.33- 4.20 (m, 3H), 4.15-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.82(m, 2H), 3.80 (dd, J = 5.2, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.69- 3.60 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.17(m, 11H), 3.01-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.90 (m, 2H),1.67-1.44 (m, 2H); 636.2 91 Example 30; 7

¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.82-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.77-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.62(m, 2H), 5.47-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.04 (m, 1H), 4.01- 3.93 (m, 1H),3.93-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J = 5.1, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.36-3.12 (m, 2H),3.11- 2.98 (m, 2H), 2.97-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.49 (m,2H); 533.1 ¹3,3,3-Trifluoropropane-1,2-diol was converted to3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ol using themethod described for synthesis of C59 from C58 in Examples 19, 20 and21. ²Reaction of 4-[4-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]morpholine,hydrochloride salt with bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate and3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ol (seefootnote 1) in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine afforded3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl4-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate. Thismaterial was desilylated via treatment with acetic acid in a mixture ofwater and tetrahydrofuran to afford Example 35. ³Examination of couplingconstants in the NMR spectra ofrel-(2S,3R)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane-2,3-diol andrel-(2R,3R)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane-2,3-diol allowed tentativeassignment of the starting material used for Example 36 as therel-(2S,3R) isomer. ⁴Reaction of C19 with bis(trichloromethyl) carbonateand rel-(2S,3R)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane-2,3-diol in the presence ofN,N-diisopropylethylamine afforded Example 36. ⁵Alkylation of C6 with2-(chloromethyl)pyridine in the presence of potassium hydroxide inacetone provided the requisite tert-butyl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate.⁶Reaction of C13 with tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl methanesulfonate in thepresence of cesium carbonate and potassium iodide, at elevatedtemperature in N,N-dimethylformamide, provided the requisite tert-butyl4-[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate.⁷The carbonate reagent employed in this case was1-({[(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)oxy]carbonyl}oxy)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione,prepared from3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ol (seefootnote 1) using the general method described for synthesis of C17 inExample 3. ⁸tert-Butyl 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-2-carboxylate wasconverted to 2-tert-butyl9-{(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl}2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-2,9-dicarboxylate using the method describedtor synthesis of C29 in Example 6. Treatment with trifluoroacetic acidremoved both protecting groups, affording(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate, which was then subjected toreductive amination with 4-fluorobenzaldehyde and sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride to afford Example 41. ⁹Reaction of C23 with4-fluorobenzaldehyde in the presence of 1H-benzotriazole and acetic acidprovided the corresponding imine; in situ treatment with methylmagnesiumbromide then afforded the requisite tert-butyl4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.Example 43 is a diastereomeric mixture, with both stereochemistriespresent at the methyl group. ¹⁰Separation of Example 43 into itscomponent diastereomers was effected via supercritical fluidchromatography [Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralpak AD, 5 μm; Mobilephase: 4:1 carbon dioxide:(0.1% ammonium hydroxide in ethanol)]. Thefirst-eluting diastereomer was Example 44, and the second-elutingdiastereomer was Example 45. ¹¹In this case, tert-butyl1-oxa-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane-6-carboxylate was reacted withtetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine, and the resulting tert-butyl4-hydroxy-4-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylatewas N-alkylated with 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene in the presence ofpotassium carbonate; this afforded the requisite tert-butyl4-{[(4-fluorobenzyl)(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino]methyl}-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate.¹²tert-Butyl4-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate wassynthesized via reductive amination of tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one withtert-butyl 4-(aminomethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate, using magnesiumsulfate and silica gel followed by sodium triacetoxyborohydride.¹³Conditions for analytical HPLC. Column: Waters Atlantis dC18, 4.6 × 50mm, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v);Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v);Gradient: 5.0% to 95% B, linear over 4.0 minutes; Flow rate: 2mL/minute. ¹⁴Intermediate tert-butyl4-({[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate wasreacted with iodomethane and potassium carbonate to provide tert-butyl4-({[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate.¹⁵The requisite 2-chloro-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine wasprepared via a Suzuki reaction between 2-chloro-4-iodopyridine and1-methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole,mediated via[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II). ¹⁶Suzukireaction of 2-bromo-6-chloropyridine and1-methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethy1-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole,mediated via[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), afforded2-chloro-6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine. ¹⁷The requisite sulfonicacid was prepared from the corresponding bromo compound via reactionwith a mixture of potassium disulfite, palladium(II) acetate,triphenylphosphine, tetraethylammonium bromide, sodium formate and1,10-phenanthroline in N,N-dimethylformamide at elevated temperature.The sulfonic acid was cooled to 0° C., treated with C31 andN-chlorosuccinimide, and stirred at 30° C. for 1 hour. The resultingsulfonamide was deprotected via treatment with trifluoroacetic acid indichloromethane to provide the product of the Example. ¹⁸Conditions foranalytical HPLC. Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 × 50 mm, 5 μm; Mobilephase A: 0.0375% trifluoroacetic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.01875%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient: 10% to 100% B over 4.0minutes; Flow rate: 0.8 mL/minute.¹⁹N-Benzyl-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine-3-sulfonamide was used as thesulfonylating reagent in this case, in a mixture of triethylamine andacetonitrile. ²⁰Reaction of C31 and 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl chlorideprovided (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-[(4-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate,which was then converted to(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-({4-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]phenyl}sulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylateby reaction with ethynyl(trimethyl)silane, copper(I) iodide, and[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II).Desilylation was effected via treatment with potassium carbonate andmethanol to afford(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl4-[(4-ethynylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;final deprotection using trifluoroacetic acid provided Example 68.²¹Reaction of tert-butyl 4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate with nitroethaneand triethylamine provided tert-butyl4-hydroxy-4-(1-nitroethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate, which washydrogenated to afford tert-butyl4-(1-aminoethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate. This material wastreated with 4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride and potassium carbonate,followed by 1,2-dibromoethane, to provide the requisite intermediatetert-butyl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-methyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.²²Separation to provide the diastereomers of Examples 70 and 71 waseffected via supercritical fluid chromatography [Column: ChiralTechnologies Chiralpak AD, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: carbon dioxide; Mobilephase B: 2-propanol; Gradient: 25% to 100% B). The first-elutingdiastereomer was Example 70, and the second-eluting diastereomer wasExample 71. ²³tert-Butyl2-oxo-1-oxa-3,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate was treated withsodium hydride and 1-(chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene to afford tert-butyl3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-3,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;deprotection with hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane provided therequisite 3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-3,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one. ²⁴Inthis case, the final deprotection was effected with hydrogen chloride in1,4-dioxane, rather than trifluoroacetic acid. ²⁵Compound C31 wasallowed to react with the appropriate sulfonyl chloride andtriethylamine; the resulting sulfonamide was deprotected withtrifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane to afford the product of theExample. ²⁶Conditions for analytical HPLC. Column: Waters XBridge C18,2.1 × 50 mm, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.0375% trifluoroacetic acid inwater; Mobile phase B: 0.01875% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile;Gradient: 1% to 5% B over 0.6 minutes; 5% to 100% B over 3.4 minutes;Flow rate: 0.8 mL/minute. ²⁷2-Bromoethanol was slowly added to asolution of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate in dichloromethane at 0° C. Afteran hour, a mixture of 1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanamine and triethylamine wasslowly added to the 0° C. reaction mixture. Removal of solvent provided2-oxo-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine-3-sulfonamide, which wasused as the sulfonylating reagent in this case, in a mixture oftriethylamine and acetonitrile. ²⁸The requisite tert-butyl4-[1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate wasprepared as follows: tert-butyl 4-acetylpiperidine-1-carboxylate wasconverted to tert-butyl4-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate using themethods described for synthesis of C18 from C4 that are found inExamples 1 and 3. Reaction with ethynyl(trimethyl)silane, copper(I)iodide and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), followed by removalof the silyl group via treatment with potassium carbonate in methanol,provided tert-butyl4-[1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate. ²⁹Inthis case, the enantiomer of C1 was employed; this may be preparedsimilarly, via the use of (2S)-2-(trifluoromethyl)oxirane rather than(2R)-2-(trifluoromethyl)oxirane. ³⁰A 0° C. solution of 6 in acetonitrilewas treated with 5 equivalents of diphosphoryl tetrachloride; after oneto two hours at 0° C., the appropriate alcohol (40 equivalents) wasadded, generating a mixture of the mono- and di-alkyl phosphate esters.³¹Reversed phase HPLC was used to separate the monomethyl and dimethylphosphate esters. Column: Phenomenex Gemini NX C18, 5 μm; Mobile phaseA: 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in water; Mobile phase B: 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide in acetonitrile; Gradient: 50% to 100% B. The first-elutingproduct was Example 85, and the second-eluting product was Example 86.³²Reversed phase HPLC was used to separate the monoethyl and diethylphosphate esters. Column: Phenomenex Gemini NX C18, 5 μm; Mobile phaseA: 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in water; Mobile phase B: 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide in acetonitrile; Gradient: 50% to 100% B. The first-elutingproduct was Example 87, and the second-eluting product was Example 88.³³In this case, 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol was used in place of methanol.The product was purified using reversed phase HPLC (Column: PhenomenexLuna C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.1% formic acid in water; Mobile phaseB: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient: 50% to 100% B). ³⁴In thiscase, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride was used in placeof methanol.

Example 92 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[ethyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(92)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-[ethyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C88)

Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 15 mg, 0.38 mmol) wasadded to a 0° C. solution of C48 (50.0 mg, 0.126 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL). After the reaction mixture had beenstirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes, a solution of bromoethane (27.5 mg,0.252 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.1 mL) was added, and thereaction mixture was allowed to stir at 25° C. for 16 hours. It wassubsequently cooled to 0° C., and additional sodium hydride (60%dispersion in mineral oil; 15 mg, 0.38 mmol) was added; stirring wascontinued at 0° C. for 30 minutes, whereupon a solution of bromoethane(20 mg, 0.18 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.1 mL) was added. Thereaction mixture was then stirred at 25° C. for 16 hours. Water (30 mL)was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane(3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and subjected to preparative thin layerchromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 2:1 petroleum ether/ethylacetate), providing the product as a light yellow gum. Yield: 40 mg, 94μmol, 75%. LCMS m/z 447.2 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (br d,J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (br dd, J=7.4, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (br dd, J=7.9, 7.2Hz, 2H), 4.64-4.54 (m, 1H), 3.80 (dd, J=9.8, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.5 (m,2H), 3.50 (dd, J=9.9, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.10 (m, 4H), 1.94 (dd, J=13.2,8.8 Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.53 (m, 3H), 1.47 (dd, J=13.3, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (s,9H), 1.42-1.33 (m, 1H), 1.30 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3R)-3-[ethyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C89)

Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added in a drop-wise manner to a 0° C.solution of C88 (39.0 mg, 91.9 μmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL), and thereaction mixture was stirred at 15° C. for 1 hour. Removal of volatilesunder reduced pressure providedN-ethyl-N-[(3R)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]benzenesulfonamide,trifluoroacetate salt, as a yellow gum, LCMS m/z 325.1 [M+H]⁺. Thismaterial was dissolved in acetonitrile (1 mL), cooled to 0° C., andtreated with C2 (reaction solution in acetonitrile containing 0.11 mmol)and triethylamine (73.3 mg, 0.724 mmol). After the reaction mixture hadbeen stirred at 20° C. for 16 hours, it was concentrated in vacuo andpurified via chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethylacetate in petroleum ether) to afford the product as a colorless gum.Yield: 35 mg, 58 μmol, 63%. LCMS m/z 623.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.84-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.23(br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.40 (m, 1H),4.66-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.49 (AB quartet, upfield doublet is broadened,J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28.4 Hz, 2H), 3.88-3.62 (m, 5H), 3.81 (s, 3H),3.58-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.10 (m, 4H), 1.93 (dd, J=13.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H),1.7-1.55 (m, 3H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.50 (dd,J=13.2, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.39 (ddd, J=13.5, 11.2, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[ethyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(92)

To a 0° C. suspension of C89 (35 mg, 58 μmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL)was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirredat 18° C. for 1 hour, whereupon it was cooled to 0° C. and slowlytreated with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (30 mL), while thepurple mixture became colorless. It was then extracted withdichloromethane (3×30 mL), and the combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified using reversed phase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell, 5 μm;Mobile phase A: water containing 0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B:acetonitrile; Gradient: 44% to 84% B), to afford the product as acolorless oil. Yield: 7.5 mg, 16 μmol, 28%. LCMS m/z 481.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.82 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (br dd, J=7.5, 7.5Hz, 1H), 7.52 (br dd, J=7.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.30-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.66-4.55(m, 1H), 4.04-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.58-3.48 (m, 1H),3.39-3.09 (m, 4H), 2.50-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.7-1.6 (m, 2H,assumed; largely obscured by water peak), 1.57-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.31 (t,J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Examples 93 and 94 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(93) and (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3S)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(94)

Step 1. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C90)

Cyclopropanesulfonyl chloride (650 mg, 4.62 mmol) and triethylamine(1.17 g, 11.6 mmol) were added to an 18° C. suspension of C73 (1.00 g,2.31 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 10° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction mixture had beenconcentrated in vacuo, the residue was diluted with water (30 mL) andextracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated under reducedpressure, and purified using silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to15% methanol in dichloromethane), affording the product as a colorlessgum. Yield: 641 mg, 1.19 mmol, 52%. LCMS m/z 559.1 [M+Na⁺].

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(DIAST-1) (C91) and(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3S)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(DIAST-2) (C92)

To a 0° C. solution of C90 (641 mg, 1.19 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide(8 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 95.6 mg,2.39 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30minutes. Iodomethane (254 mg, 1.79 mmol) was added at 0° C., and thereaction mixture was allowed to stir at 15° C. for 3 hours, whereupon itwas diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo, and theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to afford a mixture of C91 and C92 asa colorless gum. Yield: 310 mg, 0.563 mmol, 47%. The componentdiastereomers were separated via supercritical fluid chromatography[Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralpak IC, 10 μm; Mobile phase: 40%(0.1% ammonium hydroxide in 2-propanol) in carbon dioxide], affordingC91 as the first-eluting diastereomer, and C92 as the second-elutingdiastereomer, both as colorless gums. The indicated stereochemistries atthe sulfonamide positions were assigned on the basis of a chiralsynthesis of 93 (see Alternate Synthesis of Example 93 below).

C91—Yield: 147 mg, 0.267 mmol, 22%. LCMS m/z 573.0 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),5.55-5.42 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.51 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz,Δν_(AB)=29.3 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.0, 7.5 Hz,1H), 3.85 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.1, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H),3.8-3.64 (m, 4H), 3.41-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.26 (tt, J=8.0, 4.9Hz, 1H), 2.11-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.45 (ddd, J=13.7, 11.2,4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.21-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.03-0.97 (m, 2H).C92—Yield: 155 mg, 0.282 mmol, 24%. LCMS m/z 573.0 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ 7.25 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (brd, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.54-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.51 (ABquartet, upfield d is broadened, J_(AB)=11.9 Hz, Δν_(AB)=29.0 Hz, 2H),4.01-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.79-3.64 (m, 3H),3.40-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.26 (tt, J=8, 5 Hz, 1H), 2.14-1.95 (m,1H), 1.84-1.7 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak),1.21-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.03-0.97 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(93)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C91 (147mg, 0.267 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 16° C. for 1 hour, whereupon it was cooled to 0° C., andslowly treated with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL), whilethe purple mixture became colorless. The resulting mixture was extractedsequentially with dichloromethane (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (2×20 mL);the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to70% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded the product as a yellowoil. Yield: 49.7 mg, 0.115 mmol, 43%. LCMS m/z 431.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.32-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.93 (m, 2H),3.94-3.75 (m, 4H), 3.46-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.21 (m, 1H),2.26 (tt, J=8.0, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.13-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.69 (m, 4H),1.56-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.04-0.96 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3S)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(94)

Conversion of C92 to the product was carried out using the methoddescribed for synthesis of 93 from C91. The product was isolated as ayellow oil. Yield: 63 mg, 0.15 mmol, 53%. LCMS m/z 431.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.31-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.74-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.93 (m,2H), 3.92-3.71 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.22 (m,2H), 2.08 (dd, J=13.3, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.86-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.81 (dd, J=13.6,7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.55-1.45 (m, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by waterpeak), 1.22-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.04-0.96 (m, 2H).

Alternate Synthesis of Example 93(2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8GP-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(93)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C93)

A pH 8.0 buffer solution was prepared, containing 0.1 M aqueouspotassium phosphate and 2 mM magnesium chloride. A stock solution ofsubstrate was prepared as follows: tert-butyl3-oxo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (18.0 g, 70.5 mmol) wasdissolved in water containing 4% dimethyl sulfoxide (14.4 mL). Warmingand stirring were required for dissolution, and the resulting solutionwas maintained at 40° C. Propan-2-amine, hydrochloride salt (16.8 g, 176mmol) was added to a mixture of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate monohydrate (1.87g, 7.05 mmol) and the pH 8.0 buffer (300 mL). The resulting pH wasapproximately 6.5; the pH was adjusted to 8 via addition of aqueouspotassium hydroxide solution (6 M; approximately 4 mL). The stocksolution of substrate was added via syringe, in 5 mL portions, resultingin a suspension, still at pH 8. Codex® ATA-200 transaminase (batch#11099; 1.4 g) was almost completely dissolved in pH 8 buffer (20 mL),and poured into the reaction mixture. Additional pH 8 buffer (25.6 mL)was used to ensure complete transfer of the enzyme. The reaction mixturewas stirred at 35° C. with a nitrogen sweep (32 mL/minute) through aneedle placed approximately 0.5 cm above the reaction surface. Due todifficulties in stirring, vacuum (220 Torr, 300 mbar) was applied after3 hours, to remove the acetone generated by the transamination reaction.The suspended solids were broken up manually, which improved thestirring of the reaction mixture. After 26 hours, the reaction mixturewas allowed to cool to room temperature, and aqueous hydrochloric acid(6 M, 5 mL) was added, to bring the pH from 8 to 6.5. After addition ofethyl acetate (200 mL), the mixture was vigorously stirred for 5 minutesand then filtered through diatomaceous earth (43 g; this filter aid hadbeen slurried in water prior to being introduced into the filter funnel.The water was then removed, providing a tightly packed bed). The filterpad was washed sequentially with water (120 mL) and ethyl acetate (100mL), and the aqueous layer of the combined filtrates was adjusted to pH9-9.5 with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (6 M; approximately 10mL). The aqueous layer was then treated with dichloromethane (200 mL),and the resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 5 minutes beforebeing filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The filter pad waswashed with dichloromethane (100 mL), and the aqueous layer of thecombined filtrates was extracted twice with dichloromethane, in the samemanner as that described above, with adjustment of the pH to 9-10 (thisrequired approximately 2 mL of the 6 M aqueous potassium hydroxidesolution in both cases). All of the dichloromethane extracts werecombined and dried over sodium sulfate with vigorous stirring.Filtration and concentration in vacuo afforded the product as an oilyyellow solid (14.76 g). A fourth extraction was carried out in the samemanner, but in this case the aqueous layer was adjusted to a pH of >10.The product obtained from this extraction was a white solid (1.9 g).Combined yield: 16.61 g, 64.79 mmol, 92%. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.95(dd, J=9.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.38-3.27(m, 2H), 2.6-2.2 (v br s, 2H), 2.07 (dd, J=13.0, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.71(m, 1H), 1.69-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,(2R)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate salt (C94)

A solution of C93 (16.61 g, 64.79 mmol) in ethanol (400 mL) was heatedto 63° C. and treated portion-wise with(2R)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (7.78 g, 60.3 mmol). Thereaction mixture was then removed from the heating bath, and allowed tocool overnight. The mixture was cooled to 12° C. in an ice bath, andfiltered. The collected solids were washed with cold ethanol (2×50 mL)and then with diethyl ether (100 mL), affording the product as a paleyellow solid (19.2 g). The combined filtrates were concentrated invacuo, with removal of approximately 400 mL of solvents. A thin line ofsolid formed around the inner surface of the flask. This was swirledback into the remaining solvents; diethyl ether (100 mL) was added, andthe mixture was cooled in an ice bath with stirring. After approximately15 minutes, the mixture was filtered and the collected solids werewashed with diethyl ether (100 mL), affording additional product as ayellow solid (1.5 g). Combined yield: 20.7 g, 53.7 mmol, 89%. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, D₂O) δ 4.16 (dd, J=8.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (dd, half of ABXpattern, J=10.4, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J=10.3, 3.1Hz, 1H), 3.61-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.36 (m, 4H),2.06-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.85 (dd, J=14.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 2H),1.72-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.59 (ddd, half of ABXY pattern, J=18, 9, 4.5 Hz,1H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Conversion of C94 to C48, for Assessment of Absolute Stereochemistry

A small sample of C94 was derivatized via reaction with benzenesulfonylchloride and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution for 1 hour at40° C. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, and thesolvent was removed from the extract under a stream of nitrogen.Supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis (Column: ChiralTechnologies Chiralcel OJ-H, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: carbon dioxide;Mobile phase B: methanol; Gradient: 5% to 60% B) revealed the product tohave an enantiomeric excess of >99%. Injection under the same conditionsof samples of C48 and C49 established the derivatization product asidentical to C48, the absolute configuration of which was determined viaX-ray crystallographic analysis (see above).

Step 3. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C95)

Cyclopropanesulfonyl chloride (56.8 mg, 0.404 mmol) and triethylamine(136 mg, 1.34 mmol) were added to a suspension of C94 (100 mg, 0.26mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) at 16° C. The reaction mixture wasstirred at 10° C. for 14 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuoand combined with material from a similar reaction carried out using C94(30 mg, 78 μmol). The resulting mixture was purified via silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 0% to 15% methanol in dichloromethane) toprovide the product as a yellow gum. Yield: 90 mg, 0.25 mmol, 74%. LCMSm/z 383.3 [M+Na⁺].

Step 4. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C96)

To a 0° C. suspension of C95 (90 mg, 0.25 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide(1 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 20 mg,0.50 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30minutes. Iodomethane (53.2 mg, 0.375 mmol) was added at 0° C., and thereaction mixture was stirred at 15° C. for 2 hours. It was then treatedwith saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (40 mL) and extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)provided the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 78 mg, 0.21 mmol, 84%.LCMS m/z 397.3 [M+Na⁺].

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C97)

Conversion of C96 to the product was carried out using the methoddescribed for synthesis of C89 from C88 in Example 92. The product wasobtained as a colorless gum. Yield: 67 mg, 0.12 mmol, 57%. LCMS m/z573.0 [M+Na⁺].

Step 6. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(93)

Conversion of C97 (67 mg, 0.12 mmol) to the product was carried outusing the method described for synthesis of 93 from C91 in Example 93.In this case, purification was effected using reversed phase HPLC(Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: water containing0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 35% to 55%B), affording the product as a brown gum. Yield: 10.0 mg, 23.2 μmol,19%. LCMS m/z 431.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.32-5.20 (m, 1H),4.73-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.93 (m, 2H), 3.93-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.46-3.24 (m,2H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.55-2.25 (v br s, 1H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.14-2.02(m, 1H), 1.86-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.22-1.14 (m, 2H),1.04-0.96 (m, 2H).

Example 95 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C101, ENT-2](95)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (C98)

This reaction was carried out in two identical batches. A solution oftert-butyl 4-hydroxy-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (209 g,0.866 mol) in dichloromethane (1.2 L) was cooled in a cold water bath. Asolution of bromine (152 g, 0.951 mol) in dichloromethane (250 mL) wasadded at such a rate that the color of the reaction mixture did notbecome intense. At the conclusion of the addition, an aqueous solutioncontaining sodium thiosulfate and sodium bicarbonate was added to thereaction mixture, and stirring was continued until the mixture hadcompletely decolorized. At this point, the two batches were combined.The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3×400 mL), and thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (2×200 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated in vacuo to afford the product as a red gum. Yield: 600 g,1.5 mol, 87%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.43-4.33 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.74 (m,2H), 3.91 (dd, J=10.3, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=10.0, 9.8 Hz, 1H),3.27-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.47 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=15.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H),2.13 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=15.7, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.68 (m, 2H),1.65-1.53 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.47 (s,9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-bromo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C99)

Potassium carbonate (119 g, 861 mmol) was added to a cooled solution ofC98 (230 g, 573 mmol) in methanol (1.5 L), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 10° C. to 15° C. for 16 hours. The crude reaction mixture wascombined with the crude reaction mixtures from two similar reactionsusing C98 (350 g, 873 mmol; and 20 g, 50 mmol) and filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting red oil wasrecrystallized from petroleum ether (150 mL) at 0° C. to provide a lightyellow solid (360 g). This was subjected to silica gel chromatography(Eluent: dichloromethane), and the purified material was recrystallizedfrom petroleum ether (120 mL) and washed with petroleum ether (3×40 mL)to afford the product as a white solid (180 g). The mother liquors fromrecrystallization were concentrated under reduced pressure and purifiedby silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 20% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether). The resulting material was recrystallized frompetroleum ether (100 mL) and washed with petroleum ether (3×40 mL),affording additional product as a white solid (95 g). Combined yield:275 g, 0.859 mol, 57%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 4.71-4.63 (m, 1H),4.12 (dd, J=10.4, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=10.5, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.40(m, 2H), 3.3-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.41 (dd, J=14.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.10 (dd,J=14.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.79-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.65 (br ddd, half of ABXYpattern, J=13, 10, 4 Hz, 1H), 1.55-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, ENT-1 (C100) andtert-butyl 3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, ENT-2(C101)

A mixture of C99 (150 mg, 0.468 mmol), phenylboronic acid (114 mg, 0.935mmol), trans-2-aminocyclohexanol (10.8 mg, 93.7 μmol) and nickel(II)iodide (29.3 mg, 93.7 μmol) in 2-propanol (3 mL, previously dried overmolecular sieves) was treated with sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 Msolution in tetrahydrofuran; 0.937 mL, 0.937 mmol). The reaction vesselwas then capped, warmed to 60° C., and stirred for 14 hours. Theresulting suspension was combined with a similar reaction mixturecarried out using C99 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), filtered through a pad ofdiatomaceous earth, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedvia chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 40% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) to afford the racemic product as a white solid. Yield:170 mg, 0.536 mmol, 85%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.36-7.30 (m, 2H),7.3-7.21 (m, 3H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 4.23 (dd,J=8, 8 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (dd, J=9, 9 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.47 (m, 3H), 3.44-3.33(m, 2H), 2.27 (dd, J=12.5, 8 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (dd, J=12, 11 Hz, 1H),1.79-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.64-1.55 (m, 1H, assumed; partially obscured bywater peak), 1.47 (s, 9H).

The component enantiomers were separated using supercritical fluidchromatography [Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralpak AD, 10 μm; Mobilephase: 35% (0.1% ammonium hydroxide in methanol) in carbon dioxide]. Thefirst-eluting enantiomer was assigned as C100. Yield: 65 mg, 38% for theseparation. LCMS m/z 262.1 [(M-2-methylprop-1-ene)+H]⁺. Thesecond-eluting enantiomer was assigned as C101. Yield: 70 mg, 41% forthe separation. LCMS m/z 262.1 [(M−2-methylprop-1-ene)+H]⁺.

Step 4. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C101, ENT-2](C102)

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.6 mL) was added drop-wise to a solution of C101(70.0 mg, 0.220 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL), and the reactionmixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 hours. Volatiles were removed underreduced pressure to provide 3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane,trifluoroacetate salt, as a yellow gum. This material was dissolved inacetonitrile (2 mL), cooled to 0° C., and slowly treated withtriethylamine (89.5 mg, 0.884 mmol). After this solution had stirred for30 minutes, C2 (reaction solution in acetonitrile containing 0.221 mmol)was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 18hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo and purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 3:1petroleum ether/ethyl acetate), affording the product as a yellow gum(120 mg). This material was taken directly to the following step. LCMSm/z 516.1 [M+Na⁺].

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1, 1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C101, ENT-2](95)

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C102(from the previous step; 120 mg, 50.220 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 hours, whereuponit was concentrated in vacuo and subjected to preparative thin layerchromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 3:1 petroleum ether/ethylacetate). The material obtained (40 mg) was then purified using reversedphase HPLC (Column: Daiso C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: water containing0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 42% to 72%B) to afford the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 10.1 mg, 27.0 μmol,12% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 373.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.36-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.22 (m, 3H), 5.32-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd,J=8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H),3.92-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.60-3.35 (m, 3H), 2.32-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.55 (m,5H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).

Example 96 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C100, ENT-1](96)

Step 1. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C100, ENT-1](C103)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added to a 0° C. suspension of C100 (65mg, 0.20 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 18° C. for 2 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo toprovide the deprotected material as a yellow gum. The gum was dissolvedin acetonitrile (1 mL), cooled to 0° C., and treated with C2 (reactionsolution in acetonitrile containing 0.24 mmol) and triethylamine (166mg, 1.64 mmol). This reaction mixture was stirred at 18° C. for 16hours, and then treated with additional C2 (reaction solution inacetonitrile containing 0.24 mmol). Stirring was continued at 18° C. foran additional 16 hours. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure,and the residue was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (Gradient:0% to 100% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to afford the product as ayellow gum (101 mg). This material was used in the following stepwithout additional purification. LCMS m/z 516.1 [M+Na⁺]

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C100, ENT-1](96)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added to a 0° C. suspension of C103(from the previous step; ≤0.20 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL), and thereaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 1 hour. After the reactionmixture had been cooled to 0° C., aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution(40 mL) was slowly added, and the purple mixture became colorless. Itwas extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL), and the combined organiclayers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) was followed by reversed phase HPLC (Column: AgelaDurashell, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: water containing 0.225% formic acid;Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 5% to 95% B), affording theproduct as a yellow oil. Yield: 15.2 mg, 40.7 μmol, 20% over 2 steps.LCMS m/z 373.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.36-7.30 (m, 2H),7.28-7.21 (m, 3H), 5.32-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=8.3, 7.8 Hz, 1H),4.06-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.60-3.32 (m, 3H), 2.49-2.38 (m,1H), 2.27 (dd, J=12.6, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.6 (m, 4H), 1.87 (dd, J=12.0,10.8 Hz, 1H).

Example 97 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,trifluoroacetate salt (97)

Step 1. Synthesis of 3-bromo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane,trifluoroacetate salt (C104)

Trifluoroacetic acid (100 mL) was added drop-wise to a 0° C. solution ofC99 (25.0 g, 78.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (400 mL). After the reactionmixture had been stirred at 13° C. for 15 hours, it was concentrated invacuo to afford the product as a brown oil (30 g). This material wasused in the next step without additional purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 4.63-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.20 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.5, 4.5Hz, 1H), 4.04 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.3-3.21(m, 4H), 2.50 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.18(m, 2H), 1.97 (ddd, J=14, 10, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.77 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-bromo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C105)

Triethylamine (39.5 g, 390 mmol) was added to a 15° C. solution of C104(from the previous step; 30 g, 578.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (400 mL). Theresulting solution was stirred at 15° C. for 1 hour, whereupon it wascooled to 0° C. and treated with C2 [reaction solution in acetonitrile(400 mL) containing 85.9 mmol]. After the reaction mixture had beenstirred at 13° C. for 15 hours, it was concentrated in vacuo andpurified twice via chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 5% to 9%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether). A final silica gel chromatographicpurification (Gradient: 0% to 9% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)afforded the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 20.3 g, 40.9 mmol, 52%over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 519.8 (bromine isotope pattern observed) [M+Na⁺].¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7 Hz,2H), 5.54-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.51 (AB quartet, upfield doublet is broadened,J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=29.1 Hz, 2H), 4.44-4.36 (m, 1H), 4.19 (dd,J=10.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.07-3.99 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.63 (m, 4H), 3.82 (s, 3H),3.44-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.08 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.89 (m,1H), 1.81-1.47 (m, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl 3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C106)

A mixture of C105 (6.50 g, 13.1 mmol),4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4.99 g, 19.6mmol), polymer-bound triphenylphosphine (687 mg, 2.62 mmol), lithiummethoxide (995 mg, 26.2 mmol), and copper(I) iodide (249 mg, 1.31 mmol)in N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL) was stirred at 1° C. to 10° C. for 16hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with dichloromethane (150mL) and filtered; the filter cake was washed with dichloromethane (150mL), and the combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo. Theresulting oil was mixed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution (150 mL) and extracted with diethyl ether (3×150 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed sequentially with water (150 mL) andsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (150 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to providethe product as a pale yellow gum. Yield: 7.00 g, 12.9 mmol, 98%. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H),5.53-5.42 (m, 1H), 4.51 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=27.2 Hz,2H), 4.03 (dd, J=8.3, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.80-3.63 (m, 5H),3.45-3.30 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.40 (m, 5H), 1.25 (s, 12H).

Step 4. Synthesis of potassiumtrifluoro{8-[({(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl}oxy)carbonyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl}borate(1-) (C107)

Aqueous potassium hydrogenfluoride solution (4.5 M, 11.5 mL, 51.8 mmol)was added to a 0° C. solution of C106 (7.00 g, 12.9 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (50 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. to5° C. for 16 hours. Removal of volatiles in vacuo provided a thick oil,which was extracted with acetone (4×75 mL). The combined acetone layerswere filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to a volume ofapproximately 20 mL, cooled to 0° C., and diluted with diethyl ether(150 mL). A white tacky material appeared; the solvent was removed viadecantation, and the remaining gum was triturated with diethyl ether(150 mL) to afford the product as a white solid. Yield: 3.8 g, 7.26mmol, 56%. LCMS m/z 483.9 [M-]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 7.27 (brd, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.55-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.52 (ABquartet, J_(AB)=11.6 HZ, Δν_(AB)=19.0 Hz, 2H), 3.84-3.70 (m, 3H), 3.79(s, 3H), 3.70-3.53 (m, 3H), 3.44-3.23 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 1H),1.58-1.45 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.34 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.14 (m, 1H).

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,trifluoroacetate salt (97)

A mixture of 2-bromo-5-fluoropyridine (17.6 mg, 0.100 mmol), C107 (78.3mg, 0.150 mmol), [Ir{dFCF₃ppy}₂(bpy)] PF₆ (2.5 mg, 2.4 μmol), cesiumcarbonate (48.9 mg, 0.150 mmol), nickel(II) chloride,1,2-dimethoxyethane adduct (1.1 mg, 5.0 μmol), and4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (1.4 mg, 5.2 μmol) was degassed undervacuum and then purged with nitrogen; this evacuation-purge cycle wascarried out a total of three times. 1,4-Dioxane (7 mL) was added, andthe reaction mixture was sonicated and shaken to provide a suspension.The reaction mixture was then irradiated with blue visible light(wavelength: 460 nm) from a 60 watt blue LED strip for 18 hours. Afterremoval of volatiles in vacuo, a mixture of dichloromethane (0.5 mL) andtrifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added, and the resulting reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified viareversed phase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A:0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 10% to 100% B).The product was assumed to be a mixture of two diastereomers. Yield: 1.4mg, 2.7 μmol, 3%. LCMS m/z 393.3 [M+H]⁺. Retention time: 2.96 minutes[Analytical HPLC conditions—Column: Waters Atlantis dC18, 4.6×50 mm, 5μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobilephase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient:5.0% to 95% B, linear over 4.0 minutes Flow rate: 2 mL/minute].

Example 98 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-2, 8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (98)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C108)

To a suspension of tert-butyl 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(200 mg, 0.832 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL) were added 2-fluorobenzoicacid (175 mg, 1.25 mmol),O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU; 506 mg, 1.33 mmol), andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (323 mg, 2.50 mmol). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 25° C. for 16 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo.The residue was dissolved in methanol (8 mL), treated with ion exchangeresin Amberlyst® A26, hydroxide form [3.6 g, pre-washed with methanol (7mL)], stirred at 25° C. for 1 hour, and filtered. The filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and subjected to silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether),affording the product as a colorless gum. By ¹H NMR analysis, this wasjudged to be a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 231 mg, 0.637 mmol, 77%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.55-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.26(m, 1H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.51(s, 1H), 3.46-3.3 (m, 4H), 3.21 (br s, 1H), [1.94 (dd, J=7.5, 7.3 Hz)and 1.87 (dd, J=7.3, 7.0 Hz), total 2H], 1.66-1.48 (m, 4H), [1.47 (s)and 1.43 (s), total 9H].

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl2-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-2, 8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C109)

Conversion of C108 to the product was carried out using the methoddescribed for synthesis of C89 from C88 in Example 92. The product wasobtained as a colorless gum. Yield: 500 mg, 0.93 mmol, quantitative.LCMS m/z 539.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-2, 8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (98)

Conversion of C109 to the product was carried out using the methoddescribed for synthesis of 92 from C89 in Example 92. In this case, thegradient used for HPLC purification was 36% to 56% B, and the productwas isolated as a colorless gum. By ¹H NMR analysis, this was judged tobe a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 89 mg, 0.21 mmol, 23%. LCMS m/z 419.0[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.19 (m, 1H),7.15-7.08 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.79 (m,1H), 3.79-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.58 (s, 1H), 3.56-3.30 (m, 4H), 3.20 (s, 1H),2.6-2.3 (br m, 1H), [1.90 (dd, J=7.5, 7.3 Hz) and 1.82 (dd, J=7.0, 7.0Hz), total 2H], 1.74-1.47 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by waterpeak).

Examples 99 and 100 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC112, DIAST-2] (99) and (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC111, DIAST-1] (100)

Step 1. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-(benzoylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C110)

A solution of benzoyl chloride (58.5 mg, 0.416 mmol) in dichloromethane(0.5 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C73 (150 mg, 0.347 mmol) andtriethylamine (105 mg, 1.04 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 hours, whereupon saturatedaqueous ammonium chloride solution (2 mL) was added, and the resultingmixture was extracted with dichloromethane (2×3 mL). The combinedorganic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloridesolution (2×3 mL), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 5% to 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)provided the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 135 mg, 0.252 mmol, 73%.LCMS m/z 559.1 [M+Na⁺].

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,DIAST-1 (C111) and (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,DIAST-2 (C112)

Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 17.1 mg, 0.428 mmol) wasadded to a 0° C. solution of C110 (115 mg, 0.214 mmol) in drytetrahydrofuran (2 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 30 minutes. Iodomethane (45.6 mg, 0.321 mmol) was added, andstirring was continued at 25° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture wasthen combined with a similar reaction mixture using C110 (20 mg, 37μmol) and cooled to 0° C. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution(5 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethylacetate (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (2×5 mL), filtered, and concentrated invacuo to afford the product, a diastereomeric mixture of C111 and C112,as a colorless gum. Yield of diastereomeric product mixture: 130 mg,0.236 mmol, 94%. LCMS m/z 573.2 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃),characteristic peaks: δ 7.46-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.24 (brd, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.53-5.42 (m, 1H), 4.51 (ABquartet, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28.4 Hz, 2H), 3.91-3.85 (m, 1H),3.85-3.63 (m, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.89 (m, 3H),1.85-1.67 (m, 3H).

The component diastereomers were separated via supercritical fluidchromatography (Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralpak IC, 10 μm; Mobilephase: 40% (0.1% ammonium hydroxide in 2-propanol) in carbon dioxide].The first-eluting diastereomer was C111 (50 mg) and the second-elutingdiastereomer was C112 (55 mg).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC112, DIAST-2] (99)

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added to a solution of C112 (55 mg,0.10 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 18° C. for 2 hours. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution was added until the pH reached 8˜9, and the resulting mixturewas extracted with dichloromethane (2×2 mL). The combined organic layerswere washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, filtered,dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. Reversed phaseHPLC (Column: Agela Durashell, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: water containing0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 8% to 58% B)afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 15.6 mg, 36.2 μmol, 36%.LCMS m/z 431.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ7.46-7.34 (m, 5H), 5.30-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.68 (m,4H), 3.44-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.89 (m, 3H), 2.46-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.72(m, 3H).

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC111, DIAST-1] (100)

Conversion of C111 to the product was effected using the method employedfor synthesis of 99 from C112. Yield: 17.4 mg, 40.4 μmol, 44%. LCMS m/z431.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ 7.46-7.40(m, 3H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 2H), 5.30-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.95 (m, 1H),3.94-3.70 (m, 4H), 3.48-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.88 (m, 3H), 2.43-2.27 (m,1H), 1.88-1.72 (m, 3H).

Example 101 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl 3-(1, 1-dioxido-1,2-benzothiazol-2(3H)-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (101)

Step 1. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide (C113)

A solution of 1,2-benzothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (200 mg, 1.09 mmol)in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added drop-wise to a 0° C. suspension oflithium aluminum hydride (45.6 mg, 1.20 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL).After the reaction mixture had stirred for 30 minutes at 0° C., it wasgradually warmed to 15° C. and stirred at 15° C. for 16 hours. The whitesuspension was treated with saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The organiclayer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuoto provide the product as a grey solid. Yield: 160 mg, 0.946 mmol, 87%.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, half of ABXpattern, J=7.5, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=7.5, 7.5Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.95-4.80 (br s, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-(1,1-dioxido-1,2-benzothiazol-2(3H)-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C114)

A mixture of C105 (80 mg, 0.16 mmol), C113 (39.3 mg, 0.232 mmol), cesiumcarbonate (114 mg, 0.350 mmol), and potassium iodide (28.9 mg, 0.174mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 16hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL),washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (3×30 mL), driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Preparativethin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 1:3 ethylacetate/petroleum ether) provided the product as a light yellow oil.Yield: 55 mg, 94 μmol, 59%. LCMS m/z 607.0 [M+Na⁺].

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(1,1-dioxido-1,2-benzothiazol-2(3H)-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(101)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added in a drop-wise manner to a 0° C.solution of C114 (55 mg, 94 μmol) in dichloromethane (6 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour, whereupon it wasdiluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) and extractedwith ethyl acetate (30 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified via reversedphase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: watercontaining 0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient:30% to 50% B). The product was obtained as a white solid, presumed to bea mixture of diastereomers. Yield: 6.0 mg, 13 μmol, 14%. LCMS m/z 487.0[M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (br d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (ddd,J=7.5, 7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (br dd, J=7, 7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (br d, J=7.8Hz, 1H), 5.31-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.41 (br AB quartet, J_(AB)=14 Hz,Δν_(AB)=12 Hz, 2H), 4.4-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, half of ABX pattern,J=9.7, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=9.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H),4.05-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.73 (m, 3H), 3.50-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.25 (m,2H), 2.21-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.70 (m, 3H).

Example 102 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-[(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(102)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-methylidene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C115)

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.4 g, 24 mmol) was addedportion-wise to a mixture of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineraloil; 940 mg, 23.5 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (40 mL), and the reactionmixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. A solution oftert-butyl 3-oxo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (2.0 g, 7.8mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (18 mL) was then added drop-wise, and thereaction mixture was allowed to continue stirring at room temperaturefor 72 hours. The reaction was then carefully quenched with water (250mL), and extracted with diethyl ether (5×50 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with water (2×25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated threetimes with heptane to afford an off-white solid, which proved to belargely triphenylphosphine oxide on analysis. The combined heptaneportions from the triturations were concentrated in vacuo and subjectedto silica gel chromatography (Eluents: 0%, followed by 10% and 20% ethylacetate in heptane), which afforded the product as a colorless oil.Yield: 1.77 g, 6.99 mmol, 90%. GCMS m/z 253.1 [M+]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 5.02-4.98 (m, 1H), 4.95-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.33 (m, 2H), 3.60(ddd, J=13, 5, 5 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (ddd, J=13.3, 9.9, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 2.42-2.38(m, 2H), 1.70-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.55 (ddd, J=13.3, 10.0, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 1.46(s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl3-[(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C116)

Compound C115 (200 mg, 0.789 mmol) was dissolved in a9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane solution (0.5 M in tetrahydrofuran; 1.58 mL,0.79 mmol). After the reaction vessel had been capped, the reactionmixture was stirred at 70° C. for 1 hour, whereupon it was cooled toroom temperature and added to a mixture of 2-bromo-5-methylpyridine (123mg, 0.715 mmol),[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex (32 mg, 39 μmol), and potassium carbonate (109mg, 0.789 mmol) in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (1.7 mL) and water(170 μL). The reaction vessel was capped and stirred at 60° C.overnight. After the reaction mixture had cooled to room temperature, itwas poured into water and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. Thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography(Eluents: 10%, followed by 25%, 50%, and 75% ethyl acetate in heptane)to afford the product as a colorless oil. Yield: 91 mg, 0.26 mmol, 36%.LCMS m/z 347.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.39-8.35 (m, 1H), 7.44(br d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J=8.6, 6.6 Hz,1H), 3.61-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.55 (dd, J=8.5, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.26 (m, 2H),2.92-2.75 (m, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.92 (dd, J=12.5, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 1.7-1.5(m, 4H), 1.51-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of3-[(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane,trifluoroacetate salt (C117)

A solution of C116 (91 mg, 0.26 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) wascooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL) was added, and thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Solventswere removed under reduced pressure to provide the product as a paleyellow oil (185 mg), which was used directly in the following step. GCMSm/z 246.1 [M+]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.65-8.62 (br s, 1H), 8.17 (brd, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=8.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H),3.58 (dd, J=8.6, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.26 (m, 4H), 3.25 (dd, half of ABXpattern, J=14.4, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.3, 8.3Hz, 1H), 2.90-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.80 (m, 5H), 1.63-1.54(m, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).

Step 4. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C118)

Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (132 mg, 0.335 mmol) was added to a 0°C. solution of C1 (84 mg, 0.34 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL).Triethylamine (180 μL, 1.29 mmol) was then added, and the reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. In a separate flask,a solution of C117 (from the previous step; 185 mg, 50.26 mmol) inacetonitrile (3 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with triethylamine(360 μL, 2.6 mmol); after this mixture had stirred in the ice bath for afew minutes, the carbonate solution prepared from C1 was added drop-wiseto the solution containing C117. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C. for a few minutes, and then allowed to stir at room temperatureovernight. It was then concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting oil wastaken up in ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with aqueous 1 Mhydrochloric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, andsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Silica gel chromatography (Eluents: 10%, followed by 25%, 50%, and 75%ethyl acetate in heptane) afforded the product as a colorless oil.Yield: 93 mg, 0.18 mmol, 69% over two steps. LCMS m/z 523.4 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.38-8.35 (m, 1H), 7.42 (br dd, J=7.8, 1.8 Hz,1H), 7.24 (br d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (br d,J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.53-5.41 (m, 1H), 4.50 (AB quartet, upfield doublet isbroadened, J_(AB)=11.7 Hz, Δν_(AB)=26.8 Hz, 2H), 4.00-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.81(s, 3H), 3.79-3.62 (m, 4H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.27 (m, 2H),2.90-2.75 (m, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.96-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.38 (m, 5H).

Step 5. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-[(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(102)

Trifluoroacetic acid (2.5 mL) was added portion-wise to a 0° C. solutionof C118 (93 mg, 0.18 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL). The reactionmixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 75 minutes,whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo and partitioned betweendichloromethane and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. Theorganic layer was extracted twice with dichloromethane, and the combinedorganic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloridesolution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. Chromatography on silica gel (Eluents: 50%, followedby 100% ethyl acetate in heptane) provided the product as a colorlessoil, presumed to be a mixture of diastereomers. Yield: 54 mg, 0.13 mmol,72%. LCMS m/z 403.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.38-8.34 (m, 1H),7.43 (br dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.30-5.18 (m,1H), 4.03-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.85 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.3, 6.8 Hz,1H), 3.82-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.72(m, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.95-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.59 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.41(m, 2H).

Examples 103 and 104 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC120, DIAST-2] (103) and (2R)-1, 1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC119, DIAST-1] (104)

Step 1. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, DIAST-1(C119) and (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, DIAST-2(C120)

A mixture of C105 (200 mg, 0.403 mmol), 1H-pyrazole (54.9 mg, 0.806mmol), and cesium carbonate (394 mg, 1.21 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide(6 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL);the combined organic layers were washed with water (3×10 mL) and withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (3×10 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography(Eluents: 0%, then 10%, then 25% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)provided a mixture of diastereomeric products C119 and C120 as acolorless oil. Yield: 60 mg, 0.124 mmol, 31%. This material was combinedwith the diastereomeric product mixture (30 mg) from a similar reactioncarried out on C105, and subjected to separation via supercritical fluidchromatography (Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralpak AD, 10 μm; Mobilephase: 2:3 (0.1% ammonium hydroxide in methanol)/carbon dioxide). Thefirst-eluting diastereomer was assigned as C119, and the second-elutingdiastereomer as C120. Both were obtained as colorless oils. C119: Yield:43 mg, 48% for the separation. LCMS m/z 506.1 [M+Na⁺]. C120: Yield: 38mg, 42% for the separation. LCMS m/z 506.1 [M+Na⁺].

Step 2. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC120, DIAST-2] (103)

To a 0° C. solution of C120 (38 mg, 78 μmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL)was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred for 1 hour. After solvents had been removed in vacuo, theresidue was partitioned between dichloromethane (10 mL) and saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL). The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL), and the combined organic layerswere dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure. Reversed phase HPLC (Column: Phenomenex Synergi C18, 4 μm;Mobile phase A: water containing 0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B:acetonitrile; Gradient: 19% to 49% B) provided the product as a browngum. Yield: 17.0 mg, 46.7 μmol, 60%. LCMS m/z 363.8 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.54 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (dd,J=2, 2 Hz, 1H), 5.30-5.21 (m, 1H), 5.05-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.17 (m, 2H),4.01 (br dd, J=12.5, 3 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.73 (m, 3H), 3.50-3.31 (m, 2H),2.38-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.56 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured bywater peak).

Step 3. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC119, DIAST-1] (104)

Conversion of C119 to the product was effected using the methoddescribed for synthesis of 103 from C120. In this case, the reversedphase HPLC was carried out using a gradient of 37% to 57% B, to providethe product as a brown gum. Yield: 18.2 mg, 50.0 μmol, 56%. LCMS m/z363.8 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ 7.55 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (br s, 1H), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 5.31-5.20 (m, 1H),5.05-4.96 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.74 (m,3H), 3.49-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.25 (m, 2H).

Example 105 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl2-(phenylsulfonyl)-2, 8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (105)

A solution of tert-butyl 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (36 mg,0.15 mmol) in pyridine (0.4 mL) was added to a solution ofbenzenesulfonyl chloride (39.7 mg, 0.225 mmol) andN,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (0.25 mg, 2.0 μmol) in pyridine (0.4 mL),and the reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 2 days. Thepyridine was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned betweenhalf-saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1.5 mL) and ethylacetate (2.4 mL). After the mixture had been vortexed, the organic layerwas eluted through a solid phase extraction cartridge (6 mL) chargedwith sodium sulfate (˜1 g); this extraction procedure was repeatedtwice, and the combined eluents were concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas treated with a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane and trifluoroaceticacid (1:1; 1 mL), shaken at room temperature for 2.5 hours, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining material wasdissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (2.4 mL), vortexed, and loaded onto anSCX (strong cation exchanger) solid phase extraction cartridge(Silicycle, 6 mL, 1 g); the vial was rinsed with a mixture of methanoland 1,2-dichloroethane (1:1; 2×2.4 mL). The cartridge was eluted withmethanol (5 mL), followed by a solution of triethylamine in methanol (1M, 7.5 mL) to elute the deprotected intermediate. Fractions containingthe desired material were concentrated in vacuo, and the residue wasazeotroped with toluene (2×1 mL) to remove trace methanol. The resultingmaterial was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.5 mL).

A crude solution of C2 was prepared separately, as follows:Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (5.8 g, 15 mmol) and triethylamine (41mL, 290 mmol) were added to a stirring solution of C1 (3.75 g, 15.0mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL). Sufficient tetrahydrofuran was addedto bring the total volume to 98 mL, and the reaction mixture was stirredat room temperature for 1 hour. A portion of this crude C2 solution (1.0mL, 0.15 mmol of C2 and 3 mmol of triethylamine) was added to thedeprotected amine solution prepared above, and the reaction mixture wasshaken at room temperature for 5 days. It was then partitioned betweenhalf-saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1.5 mL) and ethylacetate (2.4 mL) and subjected to vortexing. The organic layer waseluted through a solid phase extraction cartridge (6 mL) charged withsodium sulfate (˜1 g); this extraction procedure was repeated twice, andthe combined eluents were concentrated in vacuo. This material wastreated with a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and 1,2-dichloroethane(1:1, 1 mL) and shaken at room temperature for 1 hour, whereupon it wasconcentrated in vacuo and purified using reversed phase HPLC (Column:Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid inwater (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile(v/v); Gradient: 25% to 95% B). Yield: 4.8 mg, 11 μmol, 7%. Analyticalretention time: 2.64 minutes (Analytical HPLC conditions—Column: WatersAtlantis dC18, 4.6×50 mm, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroaceticacid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 5.0% to 95% B, linear over 4.0 minutes;Flow rate: 2 mL/minute). LCMS m/z 437.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 106 (2R)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(106)

Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl (3R)-3-{[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C121)

Prop-2-en-1-yl carbonochloridate (7.13 g, 59.2 mmol) was added drop-wiseto a 0° C. solution of C94 (15.2 g, 39.4 mmol) in saturated aqueoussodium bicarbonate solution (160 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (40 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 14 hours, whereupon it wasextracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic layerswere dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo toafford the product as a pale yellow gum (13.6 g). This material was useddirectly in the following step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.98-5.85 (m,1H), 5.31 (apparent br dd, J=17.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (br d, J=10.3 Hz,1H), 4.95-4.84 (m, 1H), 4.62-4.51 (m, 2H), 4.39-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.00 (dd,J=9.4, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.73-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.38-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.13 (dd,J=13.3, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.74-1.57 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured bywater peak), 1.56-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl(3R)-3-{methyl[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C122)

Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 2.36 g, 59.0 mmol) wasadded to a 0° C. solution of C121 (from the previous step; 13.4 g, 538.8mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirredat 0° C. for 30 minutes. Iodomethane (16.8 g, 118 mmol) was addeddrop-wise, and stirring was continued for 16 hours at 0° C. to 5° C.Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 2.36 g, 59.0 mmol) wasagain added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16hours, whereupon it was poured into saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×300 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (600 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford the product as a brown gum(16 g). This was used in the following step without additionalpurification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.99-5.89 (m, 1H), 5.34-5.27 (m,1H), 5.24-5.19 (m, 1H), 5.09-4.85 (br m, 1H), 4.59 (ddd, J=5.5, 1.5, 1.4Hz, 2H), 3.94 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=9.7, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (dd,half of ABX pattern, J=9.9, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.23(m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 2.09 (dd, J=13.1, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.60 (m, 4H,assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.51-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s,9H).

Step 3. Synthesis of prop-2-en-1-ylmethyl[(3R)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]carbamate, trifluoroacetatesalt (C123)

Trifluoroacetic acid (20 mL) was added to a solution of C122 (from theprevious step; 16 g, ≤38.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL), and thereaction mixture was stirred at 15° C. for 2 hours. Removal of volatilesin vacuo afforded the product as a brown gum (20 g). This material wasused directly in the following step. LCMS m/z 255.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3R)-3-{methyl[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C124)

Triethylamine (19.9 g, 197 mmol) was slowly added to a 0° C. solution ofC123 (from the previous step; 20 g, 538.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (250mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes, whereuponC2 [reaction solution in acetonitrile (80 mL) containing 40 mmol], wasadded, and stirring was continued at 13° C. for 18 hours. The reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified viasilica gel chromatography (Gradient: 9% to 50% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) to provide the product as a pale yellow gum. Yield:16.67 g, 31.4 mmol, 81% over 4 steps. LCMS m/z 553.1 [M+Na⁺]. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H),6.01-5.89 (m, 1H), 5.53-5.43 (m, 1H), 5.35-5.27 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.20 (m,1H), 5.08-4.86 (br m, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, J=5.5, 1.5, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 4.51 (ABquartet, J_(AB)=11.5 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28.3 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (dd, J=9.8, 7.5 Hz,1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.80-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.43-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s, 3H),2.13-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.47 (ddd, J=13.6, 10.8, 4.3 Hz,1H).

Step 5. Synthesis of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3R)-3-(methylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C125)

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (2.12 g, 1.83 mmol) was addedto a 10° C. solution of C124 (6.50 g, 12.2 mmol) and1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (2.87 g, 18.4 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (100 mL). After the reaction mixture had been stirred at25° C. for 2 hours, solid sodium carbonate (65 mg, 0.61 mmol) was added,and stirring was continued at 10° C. for 20 minutes. The reactionmixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified twice by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to10% methanol in dichloromethane) to afford the product as a yellow gum.Yield: 3.8 g, 8.5 mmol, 70%. LCMS m/z 447.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.53-5.42(m, 1H), 4.51 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=11.6 Hz, Δν_(AB)=28.0 Hz, 2H), 3.96(dd, J=9.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.8-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.43-3.28 (m,3H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.46 (m, 5H, assumed;partially obscured by water peak).

Step 6. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl(3R)-3-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(C126)

To a 15° C. solution of C125 (400 mg, 0.896 mmol) in dichloromethane (5mL) were added cyclopropylmethanesulfonyl chloride (208 mg, 1.35 mmol)and triethylamine (453 mg, 4.48 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirredat 15° C. for 16 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo andpurified via chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethylacetate in petroleum ether). The product was obtained as a colorlessgum. Yield: 430 mg, 0.762 mmol, 85%. LCMS m/z 587.1 [M+Na⁺].

Step 7. Synthesis of (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate(106)

Trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) was added to a 0° C. solution of C126 (430mg, 0.762 mmol) in dichloromethane (12 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 15° C. for 2 hours, whereupon the pH was adjusted to 6-7 viaaddition of sodium bicarbonate. The resulting mixture was extracted withdichloromethane (15 mL) and with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). The combinedorganic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) was followed by reversed phase HPLC(Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: water containing0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 30% to 50%B), affording the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 211 mg, 0.475 mmol,62%. LCMS m/z 445.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.30-5.19 (m, 1H),4.72-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.89-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.44-3.23 (m,2H), 2.88-2.83 (m, 2H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.64 (br m, 1H), 2.13-2.01(m, 1H), 1.81-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.39 (m, 1H), 1.13-1.01 (m, 1H),0.76-0.62 (m, 2H), 0.42-0.29 (m, 2H).

TABLE 6A Method of synthesis, structure, and physicochemical propertiesfor Examples 107-150. Method of ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ; MassSynthesis; spectrum, observed ion m/z [M + H]⁺ or Example Non-commercialHPLC retention time; Mass spectrum m/z Number starting materialsStructure [M + H]⁺ (unless otherwise indicated) 107 Example 92³⁵; C48,C2

7.83 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 7.5, 7.0Hz, 1H), 7.51 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 7.5, 7.0 Hz, 2H),5.31-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.16-3.95 (m, 3H), 3.92- 3.68 (m, 5H), 3.50-3.30 (m,2H), 2.52-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.47(m, 3H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.26-1.18 (m, 6H);495.1 108 Example 11^(36,37); C73

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.72-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.61-7.55 (m, 1H),5.24-5.14 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.59 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.57-3.44 (m,3H), 3.3-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 1.96-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.49 (m,3H), 1.49-1.35 (m, 2H); 485.3 109 Example 11^(36,37); C73

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.73-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.62-7.54 (m, 1H),5.23-5.14 (m, 1H), 4.69-4.58 (m. 1H), 3.78-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.58-3.44 (m,3H), 3.3-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 1.91 (dd, J = 13.4, 9.1 Hz, 1H),1.67-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.48-1.31 (m, 2H); 485.3 110 Example 109³⁸; C73

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.46 (br dd, J = 8.8, 8.8Hz, 2H), 5.24-5.14 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.55 (m, 1H), 3.78- 3.68 (m, 3H),3.68-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.43 (m, 3H), 3.3-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 3H),1.89 (br dd, J = 13, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 1.65-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.49-1.34 (m, 2H);485.3 111 Example 109³⁸; C73

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.46 (br dd, J = 8.8, 8.8Hz, 2H), 5.24-5.14 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.55 (m, 1H), 3.78- 3.68 (m, 3H),3.68-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.44 (m, 3H), 3.3-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 3H),1.89 (br dd, J = 13, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 1.65-1.48 (m, 3H), 1.48-1.34 (m, 2H);485.3 112 Examples 93 and 94³⁹; C73

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; characteristic peaks: 5.30-5.20 (m, 1H),4.76-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.92-3.70 (m, 4H), 3.48-3.23 (m,3H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.02 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.91 (m,3H), 1.88-1.59 (m, 7H); 459.3 113 Examples 93 and 94³⁹; C73

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 5.32-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.72-4.61 (m, 1H),4.05-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.68 (m, 6H), 3.44-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.83 (s, 3H),2.60-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.19 (m, 3H), 2.10-1.96 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.67 (m,4H), 1.55-1.43 (m, 1H); 445.2 114 Example 11^(40,39); C73

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 9.02 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.85 (dd, J = 4.8,1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (ddd, J = 8.0, 2.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J = 8.0,5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.18 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.94 (m, 1H),3.91- 3.69 (m, 4H), 3.65 (dd, J = 10. 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.13 (m, 2H),2.81 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.6 (m, 3H),1.54-1.39 (m, 2H); 468.0 115 Example 114⁴¹; C73

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 9.42 (s, 1H), 9.10 (s, 2H), 5.29-5.19 (m,1H), 4.81-4.71 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.70 (dd,J = 10.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.38- 3.14 (m, 2H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.45-2.22 (brm, 1H), 2.05-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.6 (m, 3H, assumed; partially obscuredby water peak), 1.52 (dd, J = 13.6, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 1.5- 1.40 (m, 1H);469.0 116 Example 92^(42,43); C99, C2

5.31-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.70-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.14- 4.05 (m, 2H), 4.05-3.92 (m,2H), 3.92-3.70 (m, 4H), 3.43-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.16-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.89 (s,3H), 2.44-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.10 (dd, J = 13.3, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.98-1.67 (m,8H), 1.6-1.46 (m, 1H); 475.1 117 Example 92^(42,43); C99, C2

5.32-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.70-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.14- 4.06 (m, 2H), 4.05-3.92 (m,2H), 3.92-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.46-3.26 (m, 4H), 3.16-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.89 (s,3H), 2.41-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.15- 2.04 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.68 (m, 8H), 1.6-1.42(m, 1H); 475.1 118 Example 102⁴⁴; C99, C1

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 3.35 minutes¹³; 458.2 119 Example 102⁴⁵; C1

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 3.25 minutes¹³; 408.2 120 Example 97; C107

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 2.45 minutes¹³; 393.3 121 Example 97; C107

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 2.18 minutes¹³; 405.3 122 Example 97; C107

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 1.40 minutes¹³; 375.1 123 Example 97; C107

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 2.36 minutes¹³; 389.3 124 Example 98; C2

5.33-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.89- 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.07 (m,9H), 2.81-2.66 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.66 (m, 8H), 1.64-1.46 (m, 6H); 392.9 125Example 105⁴⁶; C2

2.35 minutes¹³; 408.2 126 Example 105⁴⁶; C2

2.38 minutes¹³; 401.3 127 Example 98; C2

Characteristic peaks: 5.33-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.82(m, 1H), 3.78- 3.24 (m, 8H), 2.47-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.15 (m, 2H),1.99-1.65 (m, 9H); 443.0 128 Example 105⁴⁶; C2

1.97 minutes¹³; 402.3 129 Example 92^(47,48); C2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.11 (ddd, J = 5.0, 2.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.67(ddd, J = 8.4, 7.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (ddd, J = 7.2, 5.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H),6.79 (ddd, J = 8.3, 0.9, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.50 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.24 (m,1H), 4.18 (dd, J = 10.5, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.01-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.84 (m,1H), 3.84-3.69 (m, 3H), 3.50-3.3 (m, 2H), 2.20 (dd, half of ABX pattern,J = 13.9, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (ddd, half of ABXY pattern, J = 14.0, 2.0,1.1 Hz, 1H), 1.98-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.62 (m, 3H); 390.9 130 Example92^(47,48); C2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.11 (ddd, J = 5.0, 2.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.67(ddd, J = 8.5, 7.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (ddd, J = 7.0, 5.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H),6.78 (br d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.55- 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.18(dd, J = 10.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (ddd, J = 10.4, 2.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.87(br dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.3, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.70 (m, 3H),3.50-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.20 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 13.9, 6.7 Hz, 1H),2.07 (br d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 1.98-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.81- 1.58 (m, 3H);390.9 131 Example 101; C105

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 7.85 (br d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.46 (m,1H), 7.44- 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 1H, assumed; partially obscuredby solvent peak), 5.30- 5.19 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.45 (m, 1H), 4.11-3.95 (m,2H), 3.92-3.68 (m, 6H), 3.46-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.12-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.24(m, 1H), 2.21-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.79- 1.64 (m, 3H),1.6-1.43 (m, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak); 479.2 132Example 102⁴⁹; C1

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 2.92 minutes¹³; 404.2 133 C2^(50,51)

5.31-5.21 (m, 1H), 3.96 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.4, 3.4 Hz, 1H),3.83 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 12.3, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.66- 3.29 (m,10H), 3.29-3.22 (br s, 2H), 1.87- 1.77 (m, 4H), 1.74 (dd, J = 7.3, 7.0Hz, 2H), 1.62-1.47 (m, 4H); 394.1 134 Example 6⁵⁰

8.00 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.19 (m, 1H),4.03-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.45- 3.18 (m,4H), 2.58-2.43 (br s, 1H), 1.79 (dd, J = 7.0, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.51-1.37 (m,4H); 443.8 135 Example 6⁵⁰

9.09-9.05 (br s, 1H), 8.85 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (br d, J = 8.0 Hz,1H), 7.52 (dd, J = 7.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.20 (m, 1H), 3.99 (br dd,half of ABX pattern, J = 12.5, 3 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (br dd, half of ABXpattern, J = 12, 7 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.25 (m, 6H), 3.21-3.11 (m, 2H),2.47-2.30 (br s, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 7.0, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.47-1.39 (m, 4H);437.9 136 Example 106; C125

7.98 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.30-5.19 (m, 1H),4.94-4.84 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.92 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J =10.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.71 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, 3H),2.10- 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.7-1.37 (m, 5H, assumed; partially obscured bywater peak); 474.0 137 Example 106; C125

5.32-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.75-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.05- 3.93 (m, 2H), 3.93-3.7 (m,4H), 3.74 (q, J_(HF) = 9.3 Hz, 2H), 3.45-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, 3H),2.19-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.57-1.41 (m, 1H); 473.2 138Example 106; C125

7.76 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 5.30-5.18 (m, 1H), 4.66-4.54 (m, 1H),4.03-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.88-3.71 (m, 3H), 3.87 (dd, half ofABX pattern, J = 10.2, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J= 10.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 2.69-2.52 (m, 1H),2.01-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.63 (m, 3H, assumed; partially obscured bywater peak), 1.58 (dd, J = 13.3, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.51-1.36 (m, 1H); 471.2139 Example 106; C125

5.31-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.70-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.03- 3.90 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.70 (m,4H), 3.45-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 2.75 (br d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H),2.73-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.66 (m,4H), 1.55- 1.40 (m, 1H), 1.09 (br d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H); 447.3 140 Example106; C125

5.31-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.56 (m, 1H), 4.03- 3.90 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.70 (m,4H), 3.45-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.99 (br d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.84- 2.70 (m, 1H),2.81 (s, 3H), 2.69-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 1H),2.01-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.79 (m, 3H), 1.79- 1.66 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.40 (m,1H); 459.2 141 C125⁵²

2.82 minutes²⁶; 449 142 C125⁵²

2.47 minutes⁵³; 409 143 C125⁵²

2.86 minutes²⁶; 423 144 C125⁵²

2.80 minutes²⁶; 411 145 C125⁵²

2.44 minutes⁵³; 409 146 C125⁵²

2.26 minutes⁵³; 432 147 Example 97; C107

Mixture of 2 diastereomers; 2.77 minutes¹³; 399.3 148 Example33^(54,55); C79

¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O), characteristic peaks: δ 7.84 (br d, J = 7.6 Hz,2H), 7.76- 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.63 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 7.8, 7.6Hz, 2H), 5.44-5.34 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.90 (m, 1H),3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.70 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.65-3.22 (m, 5H), 2.98(dd, J = 7.6, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.95 (dd, J = 13.7, 9.2 Hz,1H), 1.91-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 7H), 1.54-1.33 (m, 6H); 547.3 149Example 33^(56,57); Example 91

¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.83-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.77-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.65 (brdd, J = 7.8, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 5.47-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.05 (m, 1H),4.02-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.83 (br dd, J = 5.1, 4.9 Hz, 2H),3.78- 3.63 (m, 1H), 3.71 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.36- 3.13 (m, 2H),3.11-3.0 (m, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J = 7.6, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.95-2.86 (m, 2H),2.00-1.82 (m, 6H), 1.74-1.64 (m, 6H), 1.53- 1.34 (m, 4H); 533.1 150Example 33^(58,59); C125

¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O), characteristic peaks: δ 7.92-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.35(br dd, J = 8.9, 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.44-5.35 (m, 1H), 4.78-4.66 (m, 1H,assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 4.10-4.02 (m, 1H),3.99-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J = 10.0, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (t, J = 6.1 Hz,2H), 3.67- 3.60 (m, 2H), 2.98 (dd, J = 7.7, 7.5 Hz, 4H), 2.77 (s, 3H),1.97 (dd, J = 13.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.79 (m, 5H), 1.73-1.63 (m, 5H),1.55- 1.33 (m, 7H); 565.3 35. Intermediate tert-butyl(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)(propan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylatewas synthesized via a Mitsunobu reaction between C48 and 2-propanol.36.Prior to the final deprotection, intermediate(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-{[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylatewas deprotonated with potassium tert-butoxide and methylated withdimethyl sulfate to afford(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-{[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.37. Examples 108 and 109 were synthesized as a mixture and separatedinto the component diastereomers using supercritical fluidchromatography (Column: Phenomenex Lux Amylose-2,5 μm; Mobile phase:87.5:12.5 carbon dioxide/2-propanol). Example 108 was the first-elutingdiastereomer, and Example 109 was the second-eluting diastereomer. 38.Examples 110 and 111 were synthesized as a mixture and separated intothe component diastereomers using supercritical fluid chromatography(Column: Phenomenex Lux Amylose-2,5 μm; Mobile phase: 85:15 carbondioxide/2-propanol). Example 110 was the first-eluting diastereomer, andExample 111 was the second-eluting diastereomer. 39. In this case, the 2diastereomers of the product were not separated. 40. Prior to the finaldeprotection, intermediate(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylatewas deprotonated with sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and methylatedwith iodomethane, affording(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[methyl(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.41. In this case, the sulfonylation of C73 was effected using pyridinein tetrahydrofuran, rather than aqueous sodium bicarbonate indichloromethane. 42. The requisite tert-butyl3-[methyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylatewas synthesized via potassium carbonate-mediated reaction of C99 withtetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-sulfonamide. The resulting tert-butyl3-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylatewas then methylated using sodium hydride and iodomethane. 43. Prior tothe final deprotection, intermediate(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl3-[methyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylatewas separated into its component diastereomers via supercritical fluidchromatography (Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralcel OD, 5 μm; Mobilephase A: carbon dioxide; Mobile phase B: 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in2-propanol; Gradient: 30% to 35% B). The first-eluting diastereomer wasassigned as DIAST-1, and the second eluting diastereomer as DIAST-2. 44.Reaction of C99 with [3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]boronic acid wascarried out using the method described for synthesis of the mixture ofC100 and C101 from C99 in Example 95. The product was deprotected withhydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane and dichloromethane to afford therequisite 3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane,hydrochloride salt. 45. Reaction of tert-butyl3-oxo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate with3-chlorophenylmagnesium bromide provided tert-butyl3-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.This was subjected to triethylsilane, boron trifluoride diethyl etherateand trifluoroacetic acid, providing partial deoxygenation, followed byhydrogenation in methanol and acetic acid, to afford3-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane. 46. In this case, thefirst step was an amide formation, rather than a sulfonamide formation.tert-Butyl 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate was reacted with theappropriate carboxylic acid using2-[2-oxo-1(2H)-pyridyl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate(TPTU) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine in N,N-dimethylformamide. 47.tert-Butyl 3-hydroxy-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate wasdeprotonated with potassium tert-butoxide and reacted with2-chloropyridine to afford the requisite tert-butyl3-(pyridin-2-yloxy)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate. 48. Themixture of Examples 129 and 130 was separated into its componentdiastereomers using reversed phase HPLC (Column: Phenomenex Luna C18, 5μm; Mobile phase A: water containing 0.225% formic acid; Mobile phase B:acetonitrile; Gradient: 25% to 45% B). The first-eluting diastereomerwas Example 129, and the second-eluting diastereomer was Example 130.49. Reaction of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate with sodium hydrideand benzyl bromide afforded tert-butyl 3-(benzyloxy)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, which was deprotected with hydrochloric acidto provide the requisite 3-(benzyloxy)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane. 50.tert-Butyl 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate was converted to(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate using the method described for synthesis ofC73 from tert-butyl 3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate inExample 27. In this case, the palladium catalyst employed for the finalstep was tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). 51. Reaction of(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (see footnote 50) with4-nitrophenyl pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (see E. Bridgeman and N. C. O.Tomkinson, Synlett 2006, 243-246) in the presence ofN,N-diisopropylethylamine provided(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]propan-2-yl2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,which was deprotected with trifluoroacetic acid to afford Example 133.52. Compound C125 was reacted with the appropriate carboxylic acid using2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane 2,4,6-trioxide andN,N-diisopropylethylamine in 1,4-dioxane. The resulting product wasdeprotected with trifluoroacetic acid to afford the Example. 53.Conditions for analytical HPLC. Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 × 50 mm,5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% ammonium hydroxide in water; Mobile phase B:acetonitrile; Gradient: 5% B for 0.5 minutes; 5% to 100% B over 2.9minutes; 100% B for 0.8 minutes; Flow rate: 0.8 mL/minute. 54. In thiscase, C79 was synthesized from C50, via deprotection withp-toluenesulfonic acid and conversion of the resulting amine to C79using the method described for synthesis of C84 from C85 in AlternateSynthesis of Example 32.55. In this case, the final product did notprecipitate out of the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture wastherefore concentrated in vacuo; the residue was dissolved in hotmethanol, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, andcrystallized from methanol/tert-butyl methyl ether to afford Example148.56. An aqueous solution of Example 91 was acidified withconcentrated hydrochloric acid at 0° C. After 30 minutes at roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was extracted three times with ethylacetate, and the combined organic layers were washed with saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo to afford the requisite (neutral) phosphate ofExample 91.57. In this case, the final product did not precipitate outof the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was therefore concentratedin vacuo; the residue was dissolved in hot methanol, cooled to 0° C. andtreated with tert-butyl methyl ether. Filtration afforded Example149.58. Using the method described in Example 11, C125 was converted to(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(3R)-3-{[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.Phosphate formation, using the chemistry employed for conversion of 15to C79 in Example 30, then provided the requisite(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl(3R)-3-{[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.59. In this case, after the reaction mixture had been heated at 40° C.,it was slowly treated with tert-butyl methyl ether (3 mL). After thesuspension had cooled to room temperature and then to 0° C., it wasfiltered to afford Example 150.

Example AA: MAGL and FAAH Enzymatic Assays

Assessment of MAGL inhibition utilizes human recombinantMonoacylglycerol Lipase and the fluorogenic substrate7-hydroxycoumarinyl arachidonate (7-HCA, Biomol ST-502). 400 nL of atest compound at decreasing concentration (ranging from 150 μM down to1.5 nM) was spotted into a 384-well back plate (PerkinElmer, 6007279)using a Labcyte Echo, followed by addition of 10 μL of MAGL enzyme inassay buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% TritonX-100 and 25% glycerin). An equal volume of 7-HCA in assay buffer with10% DMSO was added either immediately (T=0 min) or after a 30 minuteincubation (T=30 min) to initiate the reaction. The final concentrationof MAGL enzyme was 88 μM and 7-HCA substrate was 5 μM. After thesedilutions, the final concentration of the test compound ranged from 3 μMto 0.03 nM. The reaction was allowed to progress for 60 minutes, afterwhich the plate was read at an Ex/Em of 340/465. Percent inhibitionswere calculated based on control wells containing no compound (0%inhibition) and a control compound (e.g., a MAGL inhibitor whoseactivity is known or was previously reported in the literature, such asone with about 100% inhibition). IC₅₀ values were generated based on afour parameter fit model using ABASE software from IDBS. See e.g., Wang,Y. et al., “A Fluorescence-Based Assay for Monoacylglycerol LipaseCompatible with Inhibitor Screening,” Assay and Drug DevelopmentTechnologies, 2008, Vol. 6 (3) pp 387-393 (reporting an assay formeasuring MAGL activity).

To measure MAGL inactivation, the same protocol for the (T=0 min) MAGLinhibition IC₅₀ assay was performed with data collected every minute toacquire enzyme progress curves at decreasing concentrations of compound.K_(obs) values were calculated from this data and k_(inact)/K_(I) ratioswere determined from a plot of K_(obs) values vs. compoundconcentrations.

Assessment of FAAH inhibition utilizes human recombinant FAAH and thefluorescent substrate, Arachidonoyl-AMC. 400 nL of a test compound atdecreasing concentrations was spotted into a 384-well back plate(PerkinElmer, 6007279) using a Labcyte Echo, followed by addition of 10μl of FAAH enzyme (Cayman 10010183) in assay buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 9.0,1 mM EDTA). After a 30 minute incubation at room temperature, 10 μL ofArachidonyl-AMCA was added in assay buffer with 16% DMSO. Finalconcentration of FAAH enzyme was 0.0125 Units and AAMCA substrate wasused at the K_(m) of 5 μM. After these dilutions, the finalconcentration of the test compound ranged from 3 μM to 0.03 nM. Thereaction was allowed to progress for 60 minutes, after which the platewas read on a Molecular Devices FlexStation reader at an Ex/Em of355/460. Percent inhibitions were calculated based on controls wellscontaining either no compound (0% inhibition) or a control compound(e.g., an FAAH inhibitor whose activity is known or was previouslyreported in the literature, such as one with about 100% inhibition).IC₅₀ values were generated based on a four parameter fit model usingABASE software from IDBS.

TABLE AA-1 Biological Data (MAGL IC₅₀, FAAH IC₅₀, and MAGLk_(inact)/K_(I)) for Examples 1-150. Ex- ample MAGL MAGL FAAH MAGL Num-(T = 0 min) (T = 30 min) (T = 30 min) k_(inact)/K_(I) ber Compound NameIC₅₀ (μM)^(a) IC₅₀ (μM)^(a) IC₅₀ (μM)^(a) (1/s per M)^(a) 1(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.085  0.014 N.D.^(b)   7806 yl(1a,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-methoxypyridin-2- yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 2(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.056  0.008  1.14^(d)   6109yl 4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3- yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate 3(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.035  0.003  2.48  20005 yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H- pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 4(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.166^(d)  0.019^(d) N.D.  5489 yl 4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate [from C25, DIAST-1] 5(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  1.70^(d)  0.161^(d) N.D. N.D.yl 4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate [from C26, DIAST-2] 6(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.083^(c)  0.007^(c) >30.0^(d) 13406 yl 4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 7(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.029^(c)  0.003^(c) >24.1 29124 yl 4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 8(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.057  0.005 >30.0^(d)   6754yl (3S)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 9(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.040  0.004 >30.0^(d)   8588yl (3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 10(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.077^(c)  0.007^(c) >30.0^(d)  5205 yl 4-[(5-cyclopropylpyridin-2- yl)oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylate 11(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.014  0.001 >30.0^(d) 147964yl 4-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa- 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 12 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.188  0.017>30.0^(d)   1801 yl 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 13(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.368  0.035 N.D. N.D. yl(3aR,6aS)-5-[(3,4- difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate 14(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.485  0.045 N.D. N.D. yl4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 15(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.017  0.002 N.D.  44421 yl(3R)-3- [methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 16(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  1.84  0.161 N.D. N.D. yl4-hydroxy-4- {[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine- 1-carboxylate 17(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.951  0.110 N.D. N.D. yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 18(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.524  0.049 N.D. N.D. yl2-ethyl-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 191,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-  0.095  0.008 >30.0^(d)   23972-yl 4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa- 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 20 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-  0.061  0.006>30.0^(d)   4611 2-yl 4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate, ENT-1 211,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-  0.599  0.053 N.D. N.D. 2-yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa- 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate, ENT-2 22 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  2.638 0.192 N.D. N.D. yl 4-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 23(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- >1.52  0.078 N.D. N.D. yl3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3,8- diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate 24(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  1.90^(d)  0.195^(d) N.D. N.D.yl 4-hydroxy-4- {[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate 25 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- 0.794^(d)  0.071^(d) N.D. N.D. yl 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate 26 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.031  0.002 7.73^(d)  16949 yl 4-(isoquinolin-1-yloxy)piperidine-1- carboxylate,trifluoroacetic acid salt 27 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- 0.484  0.043 N.D. N.D. yl 3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 28(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.696  0.085 N.D. N.D. yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-3-thia-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 3,3-dioxide 29(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.109^(c)  0.024^(c) N.D. 85270 yl 4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-3- hydroxy-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 30(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({(3R)-3- >3.00^(d,e)  0.549^(e) N.D. N.D.[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate, disodium salt 31(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({(3R)-3- >3.00^(d) >3.00^(d) N.D. N.D.[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate disodium salt 32(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4- >3.00^(d,e) >3.00^(d,e) N.D. N.D.fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate, disodium salt 33(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4- >3.00^(d,e) >3.00^(d,e) N.D. N.D.fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate, (bis)- L-lysine salt 34(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(3- N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate, disodium salt 351,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl 4-  0.339  0.032^(d) N.D. N.D.[2-(morpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4- yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate 36rel-(2S,3R)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-  0.132  0.012  13.2   3736hydroxybutan-2-yl (1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4- fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 37(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.357^(c)  0.027 N.D.   1616 yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)- 1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 381,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl 4-  1.47  0.077 N.D. N.D.[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate39 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-  0.034  0.002  6.012   98932-yl (1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 40(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.494  0.050 N.D. N.D. yl(3αR,6αS)-5-[(4- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate 41(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  1.58  0.166 N.D. N.D. yl2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 42(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.304^(c)  0.032 N.D.   2591 yl4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 43(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- yl4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-1-oxa-4,9-  0.145  0.013 >30.0^(d)   3478diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate, formate salt 44(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.179  0.017 >30.0^(d)   3701yl 4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate, DIAST-1 45(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.191  0.018 >30.0^(d)   3134yl 4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate, DIAST-2 46(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.560  0.046 N.D. N.D. yl4-{[(4-fluorobenzyl)(tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-yl)amino]methyl}-4-hydroxpiperidine-1-carboxylate 47(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.174  0.017 >30.0   5046 yl4-({[(4- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amino}methyl) piperidine-1-carboxylate 48(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- >3.00^(d)  0.926 N.D. N.D. yl(3αR,6αS)-5-(4-cyclopropylpyridin-2- yl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate 49 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- >3.00^(d) 0.654 N.D. N.D. yl 4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 50(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.857  0.071 N.D. N.D. yl4-{[(4-fluorobenzyl)(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino]methyl}piperidine-1- carboxylate 51(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.043  0.004 >30.0^(d)  10340yl 4-[(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 52(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.056  0.005 >30.0^(d)   7262yl 4-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 53(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.053  0.006 >30.0   6900 yl4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}piperidine-1-carboxylate 54(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- yl4-{[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl]sulfonyl}- >3.00^(d) >1.68 N.D. N.D.1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate, trifluoroacetic acidsalt 55 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.447  0.043 N.D. N.D.yl 4-{[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]sulfonyl}-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate, trifluoroacetic acidsalt 56 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  2.34  0.167 N.D. N.D.yl 4-{[3-(1H-imidazol-1- yl)propyl]sulfonyl}-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate, trifluoroacetic acid salt 57(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.126  0.010 N.D.   5998 yl4-[(5-methylpyridin-2- yl)oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylate 58(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.249  0.033 N.D. N.D. yl4-{[5-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]oxy}piperidine-1- carboxylate 59(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.015  0.001 N.D.  59048 yl4-[(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 60(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.037  0.002 N.D.  19870 yl4-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 61(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.053  0.005 N.D.   7304 yl4-[(3,5-dimethylpyridin-2- yl)oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylate 62(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.067^(d)  0.007^(d) >30.0^(d)   216 yl 4-({[(4- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate 63(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.007  0.001  3.01   7347 yl4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}piperidine-1-carboxylate 64(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.550  0.042 N.D. N.D. yl4-{[4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5- yl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}piperidine-1-carboxylate 65 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.359  0.030N.D. N.D. yl 4-{[6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}piperidine-1- carboxylate 66(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.003  0.0002  7.87^(d) 430364yl 4-{[3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 67(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.029  0.004 N.D.  30591 yl4-(benzylsulfamoyl)-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 68(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.056  0.006 >30.0^(d)  16586yl 4-[(4-ethynylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa- 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 69 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.104  0.011N.D.   4621 yl (1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 70(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.655  0.069 N.D. N.D. yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-methyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate, DIAST-1 71(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.099  0.017 N.D.   9358 yl4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-methyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate, DIAST-2 72(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.220  0.028 N.D. N.D. yl3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-oxo-1-oxa-3,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate73 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.005  0.001 >30.0^(d) 96515 yl 4-[(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 74(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.392  0.052 N.D. N.D. yl4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)sulfamoyl]-1- oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 75 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.688  0.079N.D. N.D. yl 4-{[5-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}piperidine-1-carboxylate 76(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.658  0.083 N.D. N.D. yl4-(5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 77(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.005  0.001  5.95^(d) 403739yl 4-[(3-ethylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 78(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.006  0.001  2.58^(d)  16865yl 4-{[4-(propan-2- yloxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 79(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.007  0.001  10.0  26513 yl4-[(3-ethynylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa- 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 80 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.007  0.001 7.92^(d) 126124 yl 4-[1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate 81 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- 0.008  0.001  7.54^(d)  45138 yl (1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 82(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxpropan-2- >2.75  0.598 N.D. N.D. yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1H- pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate 83(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.019^(c)  0.002^(c) >30.0^(d) 21997^(d) yl 4-[(3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate 84(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.026  0.002  19.2^(d)  49166yl 4-[(2-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa- 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 85 methyl(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4- >3.00^(d)  0.818N.D. N.D. fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate, ammonium salt 86(2R)-3-[(dimethoxyphosphoryl)oxy]-  0.097  0.008 N.D.    1321,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl 4-[(4- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 87ethyl(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4-  0.198  0.015 N.D. N.D.fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate, ammonium salt 88(2R)-3-[(diethoxyphosphoryl)oxy]-1,1,1- >3.00^(d) >3.00^(d) N.D. N.D.trifluoropropan-2-yl 4-[(4- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 89(9R)-10,10,10-trifluoro-6-hydroxy-2- >3.00^(d) >3.00^(d) N.D. N.D.methyl-6-oxido-5,7-dioxa-2-aza-6λ⁵- phosphadecan-9-yl 4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate90 (2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({4-[(4- >3.00^(d) >3.00^(d) N.D. N.D.fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl 2- (trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate 91(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-({[4- N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl]carbonyl}oxy)propyl phosphate, disodium salt 92(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.006  0.001 >30^(d) 215500 yl(3R)-3-[ethyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]- 1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 93 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.318^(c) 0.029^(c) >30^(d)   3282 yl (3R)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1- oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 94 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.316^(c) 0.027^(c) >30^(d)   3764 yl (3S)-3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1- oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 95 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.016  0.001 8.72 131495 yl 3-phenyl-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate[From C101, ENT-2] 96 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.062 0.005  9.52  18560 yl 3-phenyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C100, ENT-1] 97(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.192  0.020 >30^(d)   1897 yl3-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 98(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.071^(c)  0.007^(c) >30^(d)  4933 yl 2-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate99 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.107  0.011 >30^(d)  16883yl 3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate[From C112, DIAST-2] 100 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.086 0.010 >28.7   5664 yl 3-[benzoyl(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C111, DIAST-1] 101(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.180  0.021  6.54   2454 yl3-(1,1-dioxido-1,2-benzothiazol- 2(3H)-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 102 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.215  0.026 18.3   1336 yl 3-[(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 103(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.334  0.030 >30^(d) N.D. yl3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [FromC120, DIAST-2] 104 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  1.86  0.157N.D. N.D. yl 3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From C119, DIAST-1] 105(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.022  0.002  9.76  59993 yl2-(phenylsulfonyl)-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 106(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.238  0.020 >30^(d)   2856 yl(3R)-3- {[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 107(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.010  0.001 >30^(d) 127771 yl(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)(propan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane- 8-carboxylate 108(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.051  0.003  10.7  15960 yl3-{[(3- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate, DIAST-1 109(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.021  0.002 >30^(d)  34918 yl3-{[(3- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate, DIAST-2 110(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.070  0.006  7.09   8796 yl3-{[(4- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate, DIAST-1 111(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.028  0.002 >30^(d)  33483 yl3-{[(4- fluorophenyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate, DIAST-2 112(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.064  0.007 >30^(d)  14232 yl3- [(cyclopentylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1- oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 113 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.139 0.010 >25.5   6254 yl 3-[(cyclobutylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 114(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.163  0.015 >30^(d)   6263 yl3-[methyl(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)amino]- 1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 115 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.341  0.027>30^(d)   2917 yl 3-[methyl(pyrimidin-5- ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 116(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.986  0.084 N.D. N.D. yl3-[methyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4- ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From DIAST-2 in footnote 43, Table 6]117 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  1.97  0.153 N.D. N.D. yl3-[methyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4- ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate [From DIAST-1 in footnote 43, Table 6]118 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.002  0.0004 >24.8 172844yl 3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 119(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.032  0.003  3.57  23176 yl3-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 120(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.166  0.021 >30^(d)   1516 yl3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 121(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.149  0.020  14.7   1207 yl3-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 122(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.385  0.032 N.D. N.D. yl3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,trifluoroacetate salt 123 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.349 0.030  24.6 N.D. yl 3-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, trifluoroacetate salt 124(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.092  0.010 >30^(d)   6720 yl2-(cyclopentylcarbonyl)-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 125(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.065  0.007 >30^(d)   5464 yl2-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylcarbonyl)-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate126 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.112  0.012 >30^(d)   3723yl 2-benzoyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane- 8-carboxylate 127(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.163  0.017 >30^(d)   2067 yl2-[(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)carbonyl]- 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 128 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.423  0.050N.D. N.D. yl 2-(pyridin-2-ylcarbonyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 129(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2- >3^(d)  0.474 N.D. N.D. yl3-(pyridin-2-yloxy)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, DIAST-1130 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.076  0.006  25.7  12483yl 3-(pyridin-2-yloxy)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,DIAST-2 131 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.086  0.011  17.4  4241 yl 3-(1,1-dioxido-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2- benzothiazin-2-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 132(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.130  0.012 N.D.   8426 yl3-(benzyloxy)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 133(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.174  0.020  4.75   3614 yl2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl)-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 134(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.096  0.007 >23.4   9930 yl2-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate135 (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.168  0.013 >30^(d)   4723yl 2-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 136(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.052  0.005 >30^(d)  15516 yl(3R)-3-[methyl(1,3-thiazol-2- ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 137(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.126  0.011 >30^(d)   7582 yl(3R)-3-{methyl[(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)sulfonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 138(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.185  0.015  16.3   2154 yl(3R)-3-{methyl[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)sulfonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 139(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.153  0.015 >30^(d)   3058 yl(3R)-3-{methyl[(2- methylpropyl)sulfonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 140(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.094  0.009 >30^(d)   4595 yl(3R)-3- {[(cyclobutylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 141(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.077  0.007 >30^(d)   3519 yl(3R)-3-[(3- fluorobenzoyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 142(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.084  0.009 >30^(d)   3961 yl(3R)-3- [(cyclobutylcarbonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 143(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.096  0.010 >30^(d)   2585 yl(3R)-3- [(cyclobutylacetyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 144(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.105  0.010 >30^(d)   2802 yl(3R)-3-[methyl(3- methylbutanoyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 145(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.198  0.019 >30^(d)   1476 yl(3R)-3- [(cyclopropylacetyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 146(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.539  0.048 N.D. N.D. yl(3R)-3-[methyl(pyridin-2- ylcarbonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, formate salt 147(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-  0.060  0.006 >26.4   5973 yl3-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 148(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-[({(3R)-3- >3^(d) >1.23 N.D. N.D.[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}carbonyl)oxy]propyl phosphate, (bis)- L-lysine salt 149(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-({[4- N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl]carbonyl}oxy)propyl phosphate,(bis)- L-lysine salt 150(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-({[(3R)-3-{[(4- N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.fluorophenypsulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1- oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]carbonyl}oxy)propyl phosphate,(bis)- L-lysine salt ^(a)Reported IC₅₀values or k_(inact)/K_(I) values are the geometric mean of 2-4determinations, unless otherwise indicated. ^(b)N.D. = not determined^(c)The reported IC₅₀ value or k_(inact)/K_(I) value is the geometricmean of ≥5 determinations. ^(d)The IC₅₀ value or k_(inact)/K_(I) valueis from a single determination. ^(e)In this case, the correspondingphosphate itself was tested, rather than the salt.

Example BB: Prodrug In Vivo Data

Rats

Test compounds (Examples 31 and 32) were administered intravenously togroups of two rats. The characteristics of the experimental rats aregiven in Table BB-1.

TABLE BB-1 Characteristics of experimental rats used in study SpeciesRats Type Wistar Hann Number and sex 2 males Approximate age 7-11 weeksApprox. Body weight 250-320 g at start of treatment Source Charles RiverLabs

Blood samples were taken at various times after administration andsubmitted to analysis for the parent compound (Examples 9 or 6) andprodrug compound (Examples 31 or 32, respectively) using an LC-MS-MSassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the plasma analyticaldata were determined using Watson LIMS 7.2.003 (Thermo FisherScientific, Waltham, Mass.). The results are given in Tables BB-2 toBB-5.

TABLE BB-2 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Example 31 in Wistar Hann RatsFollowing IV Administration at 1.48 mg/kg Subject Subject ParameterUnits Rat 01 Rat 02 Mean S.D Original Dose mg/kg 1.48 1.48 (Example 31)AUC Interval (0-0.5 (0-0.25 Hours) Hours) AUC ng*Hours/mL 43.1 42.9 43.0AUC Extrap ng*Hours/mL 43.6 43.6 43.6 % AUC Extrap % 1.19 1.62 1.41 Cong/mL 399 553 476 CL mL/min/kg 566 566 566 T½ Hours 0.0805 0.0445 0.0625Vdss L/kg 2.86 1.59 2.23 Rate Constant 1/Hours 8.61 15.6 12.1 RegressionHours 0.083, 0.083, 0.25 Points 0.25, 0.5

TABLE BB-3 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Example 9 in Wistar Hann RatsFollowing IV Administration of Example 31 at 1.48 mg/kg Subject SubjectParameter Units Rat 01 Rat 02 Mean S.D. Original Dose mg/kg 1.48 1.48(Example 31) Cmax ng/mL 253 378 316 Tmax Hours 0.083 0.083 0.083 AUCng*Hours/mL 118 173 146 AUC Extrap ng*Hours/mL 121 178 150 % AUC Extrap% 2.08 2.83 2.46 Rate Constant 1/Hours 0.560 0.440 0.500 T½ Hours 1.241.57 1.41 Regression Points Hours 4, 7 1, 2, 4, 7

TABLE BB-4 Pharmacokinetics of Example 32 in rats after IVadministration of Example 32 (2 mg/kg active) Subject Subject ParameterUnits Rat 03 Rat 04 Mean S.D. Original Dose mg/kg 2 2 (Example 32) AUCInterval (0-1 (0-0.5 Hours) Hours) AUC ng*Hours/mL 185 133 159 AUCExtrap ng*Hours/mL 185 134 160 % AUC Extrap % 0.232 0.832 0.532 Co ng/mL4480 3040 3760 CL mL/min/kg 180 249 215 T½ Hours 0.147 0.0971 0.122 VdssL/kg 0.515 0.679 0.597 Rate Constant 1/Hours 4.73 7.14 5.94 RegressionHours 0.5, 1 0.25, 0.5 Points

TABLE BB-5 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Example 6 in Wistar Hann RatsFollowing IV Administration of Example 32 at 2 mg/kg Subject SubjectParameter Units Rat 03 Rat 04 Mean S.D. Original Dose mg/kg 2 2 (Example32) Cmax ng/mL 234 384 309 Tmax Hours 0.083 0.033 0.058 AUC ng*Hours/mL102 213 158 AUC Extrap ng*Hours/mL 109 215 162 % AUC Extrap % 6.04 0.8803.46 Rate Constant 1/Hours 2.86 1.57 2.22 T½ Hours 0.242 0.442 0.342Regression Hours 0.25, 0.5, 1 0.5, 1,3 PointsDogs

Test compounds (Examples 31 and 32) were administered intravenously togroups of two dogs. The characteristics of the experimental dogs aregiven in Table BB-6.

TABLE BB-6 Characteristics of experimental dogs used in study SpeciesDogs Type Beagle Number and sex 2 males Approximate age 2-5 yearsApprox. Body weight 9-13 kg at start of treatment Source Marshall Farms

Blood samples were taken at various times after administration andsubmitted to analysis for the parent compound (Example 9 or 6) and itsprodrug compound (Example 31 or 32, respectively) using an LC-MS-MSassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the plasma analyticaldata were determined using Watson LIMS 7.2.003 (Thermo FisherScientific, Waltham, Mass.). The results are given in Tables BB-7 toBB-10.

TABLE BB-7 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Example 31 in Beagle DogsFollowing IV Administration at 0.7 mg/kg Subject Subject Parameter UnitsDog 01 Dog 02 Mean S.D. Original Dose mg/kg 0.7 0.7 (Example 31) AUCInterval (0-0.5 (0-0.5 Hours) Hours) AUC ng*Hours/mL 108 53.8 80.9 AUCExtrap ng*Hours/mL 108 53.9 81.0 % AUC % 0.181 0.103 0.142 Extrap Cong/mL 1630 821 1230 CL mL/min/kg 108 216 162 T½ Hours 0.0614 0.06200.0617 Vdss L/kg 0.235 0.465 0.350 Rate Constant 1/Hours 11.3 11.2 11.3Regression Hours 0.083, 0.083, Points 0.25, 0.5 0.25, 0.5

TABLE BB-8 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Example 9 in Beagle DogsFollowing IV Administration of Example 31 at 0.7 mg/kg Subject SubjectParameter Units Dog 01 Dog 02 Mean S.D. Original Dose mg/kg 0.7 0.7(Example 31) Cmax ng/mL 614 789 702 Tmax Hours 0.25 0.083 0.17 AUCng*Hours/mL 1350 1460 1410 AUC Extrap ng*Hours/mL 1550 1560 1560 % AUCExtrap % 12.6 6.12 9.36 Rate Constant 1/Hours 0.0648 0.0863 0.0756 T½Hours 10.7 8.03 9.37 Regression Points Hours 4, 7, 24 2, 4, 7, 24

TABLE BB-9 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Example 32 in Beagle DogsFollowing IV Administration at 1 mg/kg Subject Subject Parameter UnitsDog 03 Dog 04 Mean S.D. Original Dose mg/kg 1 1 (Example 32) AUCInterval (0-1 Hours) (0-1 Hours) AUC ng*Hours/mL 146 229 188 AUC Extrapng*Hours/mL 146 229 188 % AUC % 0.0443 0.150 0.0972 Extrap Co ng/mL 12202370 1800 CL mL/min/kg 114 72.8 93.4 T½ Hours 0.136 0.137 0.137 VdssL/kg 0.751 0.357 0.554 Rate 1/Hours 5.08 5.06 5.07 Constant RegressionHours 0.25, 0.5, 1 0.25, 0.5, 1 Points

TABLE BB-10 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Example 6 in Beagle DogsFollowing IV Administration of Example 32 at 1 mg/kg Subject SubjectParameter Units Dog 03 Dog 04 Mean S.D. Original Dose mg/kg 1 1 (Example32) Cmax ng/mL 514 653 584 Tmax Hours 0.083 0.083 0.083 AUC ng*Hours/mL591 705 648 AUC Extrap ng*Hours/mL 595 710 653 % AUC Extrap % 0.6300.733 0.682 Rate Constant 1/Hours 0.169 0.129 0.149 T½ Hours 4.10 5.364.73 Regression Hours 4, 7, 24 7, 24 Points

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those describedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescription. Such modifications are also intended to fall within thescope of the appendant claims. Each reference (including all patents,patent applications, journal articles, books, and any otherpublications) cited in the present application is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula I-a or I-a1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: the moiety of“N(R¹)(R²)” is a moiety of Formula a-13:

t1 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl;R⁷ is H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, or R¹⁰, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl ofR⁷ is optionally substituted with one or more substituents eachindependently selected from the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and wherein the C₃₋₇cycloalkyl of R⁷ is optionally substituted with one or more substituentseach independently selected from the group consisting of OH, halogen,C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; R⁸ isL¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², -L³-R¹³, -L⁴-R¹⁴, —C(R¹⁵)(Cy¹)(Cy²),—C(R¹⁵)(Cy¹)[—NR²³—S(═O)₂-Cy²], or -L⁵-N(-L⁶-Cy³)(-L⁷-Cy⁴); each R⁹ isindependently OH, oxo, halogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl,optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; R¹⁰ is —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²) or —S(═O)₂OR⁹⁰; each of L¹, L²,L³, and L⁴ is independently absent, —(CR²¹R²²)_(m)—, —NR²³—, —O—,—C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)_(n)—, —C(═O)—(CR²¹R²²)_(n)—,—S(═O)₂—NR²³—, —C(═O)—NR²³—, —(CR²¹R²²)_(f1)—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)_(f2)—,—(CR²¹R²²)_(f1)—O—(CR²¹R²²)_(f2)—, —C(═O)—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)_(p), or—S(═O)₂—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)_(p)—; L⁵ is absent or —(CR²¹R²²)—; L⁶ is absentor —(CR²¹R²²)—; L⁷ is absent, —(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—; R¹¹ is 5- to10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R³¹; R¹² is 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyloptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³²; R¹³is C₆₋₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³³; R¹⁴ is C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one ormore independently selected R³⁴; R¹⁵ is H, OH, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkoxy,C₁₋₄ alkyl, or cyclopropyl; each of R²¹ and R²² is independently H, OH,halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl, wherein the C₁₋₃ alkyl isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents each independentlyselected from the group consisting of OH, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃haloalkoxy, and cyclopropyl; R²³ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or cyclopropyl; eachof R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen, —N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R^(c))(C(═O)R^(d)),—N(R^(c))(S(═O)₂R^(d)), —C(═O)—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(═O)—R^(d),—C(═O)—OR^(d), —OC(═O)—R^(d), —N(R^(c))(S(═O)₂R^(d)),—S(═O)₂—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —SR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d), —OR^(d), —OR³⁵, —CN,C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to10-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl,(C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- isoptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³⁶; andwherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- is further optionally substitutedone or more oxo; each R³⁵ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- to10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- is optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen, —CN, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)O—C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, oxo, —OH, —OC(═O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —OC(═O)O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —NH2, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂,—NHC(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, —NHC(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄alkoxy; each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —OH, —NO₂, —CN, —SF₅, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, a 4- to10-membered heterocycloalkyl, —N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R^(c))(C(═O)R^(d)),—C(═O)—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(═O)—R^(d), —C(═O)—OR^(d), —OC(═O)—R^(d),—N(R^(c))(S(═O)₂R^(d)), —S(═O)₂—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —SR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d),and —OR^(d), wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, andheterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituentseach independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN,—OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R^(c))(C(═O)R^(d)), —C(═O)—OR^(d),—C(═O)H, —C(═O)R^(d), —C(═O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R^(c))(S(═O)₂R^(d)),—S(═O)₂—N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —SR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d), and —OR^(d); each ofR⁸¹, R⁸², and R⁹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting ofH, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-,wherein each of the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and (C₃₋₇cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents each independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —CN, —OH, oxo, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; orOR⁸¹ and OR⁸², together with the P(═O) to which they are attached, form4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl that is further optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —OH, oxo, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkoxy, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; each of Cy¹, Cy², Cy³, and Cy⁴ isindependently selected from the group consisting of R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, andR¹⁴; each R^(a) is independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, or (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-; each R^(b) isindependently H or selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-,wherein each of the selections from the group is optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents each independently selected from the groupconsisting of —OH, —CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl,—S—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)H, —C(═O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)—O—C₁₋₄ alkyl,—C(═O)—NH₂, —C(═O)—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄haloalkoxy; or R^(a) and R^(b), together with the N atom to which theyare attached, form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or a 5- to10-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents each independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —OH, oxo, —C(═O)H, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)—NH₂,—C(═O)—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₆cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₂ alkyl-, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ hydroxylalkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; each R^(c) is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and (C₃₋₇cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-; each R^(d) is independently selected from thegroup consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein each of the selections from the groupis optionally substituted with one or more substituents eachindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CF₃, —CN,—OH, oxo, —S—C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; each of f1and f2 is independently 0, 1, or 2, provided that the sum of f1 and f2is 1, 2, or 3; m is 1, 2, or 3; n is 1, 2, or 3; and p is 1, or
 2. 2.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein the compound is a compound of I-a1.
 3. The compound of claim 1,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R⁵ and R⁶is independently H or methyl.
 4. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R⁵ and R⁶ isH.
 5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R⁷ is H or R¹⁰; and R¹⁰ is —P(═O)(OR⁸¹)(OR⁸²).
 6. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R⁷ is H.
 7. The compound of claim 4, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein: R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹, -L²-R¹², -L³-R¹³, or-L⁴-R¹⁴; each of L¹, L², L³, and L⁴ is independently absent,—(CR²¹R²²)—, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂—NR²³—, —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)—,—S(═O)₂—NR²³—(CR²¹R²²)—, or —S(═O)₂—(CR²¹R²²)₂—; each of R²¹ and R²² isindependently H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, or cyclopropyl; R¹¹ is 5- to 6-memberedheteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more independentlyselected R³¹; R¹² is 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionallysubstituted with one or more independently selected R³¹; R¹³ is phenyloptionally substituted with one or more independently selected R³³; andR¹⁴ is C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or moreindependently selected R³⁴.
 8. The compound of claim 7, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁸ is -L¹-R¹¹ or-L³-R¹³.
 9. The compound of claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein R⁸ is —R¹¹ or —R¹³.
 10. The compound of claim 7,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁸ is —R¹¹.
 11. Acompound selected from the group consisting of:(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;rel-(2S,3R)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-641-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;(2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate;and (2S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. A compound of claim 1that is (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. A compound of claim 1that is (2R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl(1α,5α,6α)-6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 1 or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 15. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 orpharmaceutically acceptable salt, and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.
 16. A method for treating a MAGL-mediated disease or disorderin a mammal, which method comprises administering to said mammal atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the disease ordisorder is selected from the group consisting of nausea; neuropathy; aneurodegenerative disorder; multiple sclerosis; Parkinson's disease;tremor; dyskinesia; dystonia; spasticity; Tourette's syndrome; aninflammatory disorder; neuroinflammation; inflammation in the centralnervous system; and pain.
 17. A method for inhibiting MAGL comprisingcontacting the MAGL with a compound of claim 1 or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.
 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound of claim 11 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.